Practice of menstrual hygiene among school going adolescent girls in the rural areas of district Muzaffarnagar

Background: Every year, May 28 is considered as the Global Menstrual Hygiene Day. Many studies have revealed that most of the adolescent girls had incomplete and inaccurate information about the menstrual physiology and hygiene. Hygiene related practices during menstruation are of considerable importance, as it has a health impact in terms of increased vulnerability to reproductive tract infections (RTI) and other health problems. Aim & Objectives: To find out the menstrual hygiene practices and their association with socio-demographic characteristics of study participants. Material and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 286 school going adolescents girls in the age group of 11-19 years in 5 schools (three government and two private) in the rural area of district Muzaffarnagar.  Study was conducted in December, 2021 using a pre- designed, pre-tested questionnaire. Data was analysed statistically and chi square test was applied. Results: Most of the girls achieved menarche at the age of 10-13 years (79.7%). Mothers of around 83.5% girls were illiterate and these girls were less aware about menstrual hygiene practices. Only 63% girls knew about menstruation before menarche. According to 75.5% girls, source of menstrual bleeding was vagina and only 65.7% girls knew about the physiology of menstruation. Conclusion: The study shows that there is significant lack of knowledge among girls regarding menstruation. Only 62% girls use sanitary pads as absorbent material due to various reasons like shyness, high cost, etc. Majority of girls had restrictions of not touching kitchen items and not to take bath during menses. There is a need to make the girls aware regarding menstrual hygiene by various health awareness programs in schools and the community

Modeling and optimization of process variables of wire-cut electric discharge machining of super alloy Udimet-L605

AbstractThis paper presents the behavior of Udimet-L605 after wire electric discharge machining and evaluating the WEDM process using sophisticated machine learning approaches. The experimental work is depicted on the basis of Taguchi orthogonal L27 array, considering six input variables and three interactions. Three models such as support vector machine algorithms based on PUK kernel, non-linear regression and multi-linear regression have been proposed to examine the variance between experimental and predicted outcome and preferred the preeminent model based on its evaluation parameters performance and graph analysis. The grey relational analysis is the relevant approach to obtain the best grouping of input variables for maximum material removal rate and minimum surface roughness. Based on statistical analysis, it has been concluded that pulse-on time, interaction between pulse-on time x pulse-off time, spark-gap voltage and wire tension are the momentous variable for surface roughness while the pulse-on time, spark-gap voltage and pulse-off time are the momentous variables for material removal rate. The micro structural and compositional changes on the surface of work material were examined by means of SEM and EDX analysis. The thickness of the white layer and the recast layer formation increases with increases in the pulse-on time duration

MODULATORY ROLE OF NIMESULIDE, CAFFEIC ACID AND THEIR COMBINATION AGAINST IMMUNOLOGICALLY INDUCED MOUSE MODEL OF CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is a complex, debilitating illness characterized by persistent and relapsing fatigue that does not improve with rest. This study aimed to explore the neuroprotective effects of nimesulide, and caffeic acid and their combination as an antioxidant in the immunologically induced chronic fatigue-like condition. The CFS was assessed by water-immersion stress test and stress-induced hyperalgesia. Nimesulide (5 and 10 mg/kg), caffeic acid (5 and 10 mg/kg), and their low-dose combination (nimesulide 5mg/kg and caffeic acid 5mg/kg) were administered daily for 21 days. On the 22nd day, the brain of animals was isolated immediately after the behavioral assessments for estimation of oxidative stress markers (SOD, GSH, MDA, and nitrite). The mice challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) used as immunogen (control group) followed by water immersion stress for 21 days showed a significant increase in immobility time and hyperalgesia. The rats also showed decreased levels of antioxidant defense enzymes (SOD, GSH, and MDA), and cortisol levels but markedly increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-∝) levels. The daily drugs treated groups showed a significant (p<0.05) reduction in immobility time in stress-induced models and reversed various biochemical alterations as well as TNF-∝ and cortisol levels when compared to the control group. Furthermore, the lower dose combination of nimesulide and caffeic acid significantly (p<0.05) improved behavior performance and attenuated the chronic fatigue-like condition as compared to single drug-treated groups. The result of the present findings strongly demonstrates that the potential antioxidant effect of nimesulide and caffeic acid and its combination has protective effects against immunologic-induced fatigue and could be used in the management of chronic fatigue syndrome

Thermotolerant fermenting yeasts for simultaneous saccharification fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass

Lignocellulosic biomass is the most abundant renewable source of energy that has been widely explored as second-generation biofuel feedstock. Despite more than four decades of research, the process of ethanol production from lignocellulosic (LC) biomass remains economically unfeasible. This is due to the high cost of enzymes, end-product inhibition of enzymes, and the need for cost-intensive inputs associated with a separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) process. Thermotolerant yeast strains that can undergo fermentation at temperatures above 40\ub0C are suitable alternatives for developing the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process to overcome the limitations of SHF. This review describes the various approaches to screen and develop thermotolerant yeasts via genetic and metabolic engineering. The advantages and limitations of SSF at high temperatures are also discussed. A critical insight into the effect of high temperatures on yeast morphology and physiology is also included. This can improve our understanding of the development of thermotolerant yeast amenable to the SSF process to make LC ethanol production commercially viable

The Costly Dilemma: Generalization, Evaluation and Cost-Optimal Deployment of Large Language Models

When deploying machine learning models in production for any product/application, there are three properties that are commonly desired. First, the models should be generalizable, in that we can extend it to further use cases as our knowledge of the domain area develops. Second they should be evaluable, so that there are clear metrics for performance and the calculation of those metrics in production settings are feasible. Finally, the deployment should be cost-optimal as far as possible. In this paper we propose that these three objectives (i.e. generalization, evaluation and cost-optimality) can often be relatively orthogonal and that for large language models, despite their performance over conventional NLP models, enterprises need to carefully assess all the three factors before making substantial investments in this technology. We propose a framework for generalization, evaluation and cost-modeling specifically tailored to large language models, offering insights into the intricacies of development, deployment and management for these large language models.Comment: 11 page

Hepatobiliary Disorders in Celiac Disease: An Update

This communication reviews recent literature and summarizes hepatobiliary abnormalities that may complicate the clinical course of celiac disease. A wide spectrum of hepatobiliary diseases has been described, including asymptomatic elevations of liver enzyme levels, nonspecific hepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and autoimmune and cholestatic liver disease. Moreover, in the majority of patients, liver enzyme levels will normalize on a gluten-free diet. In addition, celiac disease may be associated with rare hepatic complications, such as hepatic T-cell lymphoma. Because many celiac patients do not have overt gastrointestinal symptoms, a high index of suspicion is required. Simple methods of detecting celiac disease such as serum antibody tests help in the early identification of the disease, thus preventing serious complications of the disorder. The IgG DGP antibody test and IgA tTG antibody test used in combination are an excellent screening test for suspected cases of celiac disease