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A new generation of 99.999% enriched 28Si single crystals for the determination of Avogadro's constant
A metrological challenge is currently underway to replace the present definition of the kilogram. One prerequisite for this is that the Avogadro constant, NA, which defines the number of atoms in a mole, needs to be determined with a relative uncertainty of better than 2ββΓββ10β8. The method applied in this case is based on the x-ray crystal density experiment using silicon crystals. The first attempt, in which silicon of natural isotopic composition was used, failed. The solution chosen subsequently was the usage of silicon highly enriched in 28Si from Russia. First, this paper reviews previous efforts from the very first beginnings to an international collaboration with the goal of producing a 28Si single crystal with a mass of 5βkg, an enrichment greater than 0.9999 and of sufficient chemical purity. Then the paper describes the activities of a follow-up project, conducted by PTB, to produce a new generation of highly enriched silicon in order to demonstrate the quasi-industrial and reliable production of more than 12βkg of the 28Si material with enrichments of five nines. The intention of this project is also to show the availability of 28Si single crystals as a guarantee for the future realisation of the redefined kilogram
ΠΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ½Π³Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π°Π»Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΡ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ COVID-19
Background. The pandemic of the new coronavirus infection has challenged the medical community for quickly finding and implementing effective methods of treatment. In the absence of a vaccine or specific therapy with proven effectiveness, the usage of convalescent plasma can be the one of perspective methods. An important aspect of this technology is the efficient and safe preparation of convalescent plasma. To date, in the world literature there are practically no publications about donor recruitment and the specifics of the preparation of convalescent plasma.
Purpose of the research. Presentation of the experience of organizing a workflow for recruiting donors and stockpiling of convalescent plasma with a high titer of virus-neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2.
Methods. The analysis of the work of the Blood Service of the Moscow Department of Health for stockpiling of COVID-19 convalescent plasma has been executed. In total it has been stockpiled 1240 doses. The normative documentation has been developed by a working group on the basis of the current federal legislation of Russian federation and been approved by the Moscow Department of Health. The titer of neutralizing antibodies (VNA) has been determined as the basic method for assessing the immunological viability of convalescent plasma. The main characteristics of donors, the characteristics of the disease course, the results of preliminary testing for the presence of specific antibodies by ELISA and CLIA methods has been compared with VNA titers in the stockpiled convalescent plasma.
Results. Due to a Moscow Health Departments order No. 325 dated 01.04.2020 (a basic local regulatory document) it has been developed a regulation for the stockpiling, examination, storage, safety and transfering of fresh frozen pathogen-reduced plasma of COVID-19 convalescent donors to medical organizations of the Moscow Health Department. For arranging an interaction with donors it has been created a call-center. For effective preliminary selection, it has been formed a donor characteristics list, which has been combined with screening of specific antibodies by ELISA and CLIA methods.
Conclusions. Developed a system of recruiting donors and procurement process of convalescent plasma for treatment Π‘OVID-19, which includes the necessary regulations, algorithms for the selection and recruitment of donors, the registry of donors and recipients, algorithms, efficiency and safety of convalescent plasma.ΠΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΠ·ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π°Π»Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΡ (Π Π). ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ°. ΠΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ½Π³Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ
Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Π Π Π² ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ.
Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ Π Π Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π» ΠΊ SARS-CoV-2.
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π‘Π»ΡΠΆΠ±Ρ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³. ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Ρ (ΠΠΠ) ΠΏΠΎ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ Π Π COVID-19. ΠΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ 1240 Π΄ΠΎΠ·. ΠΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π° ΠΠΠ. ΠΠ°ΠΊ Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π Π, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ ΡΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π» (ΠΠΠ). ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π» ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ€Π ΠΈ ΠΠ₯ΠΠ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠΠ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π Π.
Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΠ ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²-ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π°Π»Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² COVID-19 Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π·Π° ΠΠΠ ΠΎΡ 01.04.2020 β 325 ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π°Π»Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»-ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ° (ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠ° Ρ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ° ΠΠΠ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²-ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠΈΡ
Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΈ) ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ½Π³Π° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π» ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ€Π ΠΈ ΠΠ₯ΠΠ.
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Π Π Π΄Π»Ρ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π‘OVID-19, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ, Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ΅Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π Π
Sources of Carbon Impurities in the Preparation of High-Purity Monoisotopic 28Si by a Hydride Method
Application of proton radiography in experiments of relevance to inertial confinement fusion
Multi-Mev proton beams generated by target normal sheath acceleration (TNSA) during the interaction of an ultra intense laser beam (Ia parts per thousand yen10(19) W/cm(2)) with a thin metallic foil (thickness of the order of a few tens of microns) are particularly suited as a particle probe for laser plasma experiments. The proton imaging technique employs a laser-driven proton beam in a point-projection imaging scheme as a diagnostic tool for the detection of electric fields in such experiments. The proton probing technique has been applied in experiments of relevance to inertial confinement fusion (ICF) such as laser heated gasbags and laser-hohlraum experiments. The data provides direct information on the onset of laser beam filamentation and on the plasma expansion in the hohlraum's interior, and confirms the suitability and usefulness of this technique as an ICF diagnostic