18 research outputs found
Spatial distribution of local tunneling conductivity due to interference and Coulomb interaction effects for deep and shallow impurities on semiconductor surfaces
Spatial distribution of local tunneling conductivity was investigated for
deep and shallow impurities on semiconductor surfaces. Non-equilibrium Coulomb
interaction and interference effects were taken into account and analyzed
theoretically with the help of Keldysh formalism. Two models were investigated:
mean field self-consistent approach for shallow impurity state and Hubbard-{I}
model for deep impurity state. We have found that not only above the impurity
but also at the distances comparable to the lattice period both effects
interference between direct and resonant tunneling channels and on-site Coulomb
repulsion of localized electrons strongly modifies form of tunneling
conductivity measured by the scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy
(STM/STS).Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure
Maintenance of mesenchymal stem cells culture due to the cells with reduced attachment rate
Aim. The classic detachment techniques lead to changes in cells properties. We offer a simple method of cultivating the population of cells that avoided an influence on the surface structures. Methods. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from human umbilical cord matrix were obtained and cultivated in standard conditions. While substituting the culture media by a fresh portion, the conditioned culture medium, where the cells were maintained for three days, was transferred to other culture flacks with addition of serum and growth factors. Results. In the flacks, one day after medium transfer, we observed attached cells with typical MSC morphology. The cultures originated from these cells had the same rate of surface markers expression and clonogenic potential as those replated by standard methods. Conclusions. MSC culture, derived by preserving the cells with reduced attachment ability, actually has the properties of Β«parentΒ» passage. Using this method with accepted techniques of cells reseeding would allow maintaining the cells that avoided an impact on the cell surface proteins.ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π·Π΅Π½Ρ
ΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π±ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ (ΠΠ‘Π) Π²ΡΠ΄ ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ Π·ΠΌΡΠ½ ΡΡ
Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ. Π£ Π΄Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉ Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ± Π·Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½, ΡΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ² Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Π΅Π²ΠΈΠΉ Π°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ. ΠΠ‘Π Π· ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΏΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ. ΠΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΡΠ½Ρ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΡΠΆΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅, Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠΈ Π·Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆ ΡΡΡΠΎΡ
Π΄Π½ΡΠ² Ρ ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΡΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄, Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ. Π§Π΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° Π΄Π½Ρ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Π° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΠ‘Π ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡ, ΡΠΊΡ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ½Ρ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π», Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ Ρ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π·Π° ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ. ΠΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°, ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Π° Π²Π½Π°ΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ Π·Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½, ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π·Π±Π΅ΡΡΠ³Π°Ρ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΆΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ. Π¦Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ» ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½, ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ² Π½Π° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ Ρ Π³Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π·Π΅Π½Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ (ΠΠ‘Π) ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ². Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ, ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΡ
Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ‘Π ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ΅. ΠΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΆΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ° Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄, Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»ΡΡ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π§Π΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π½Π° Π΄Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΠ‘Π ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π», Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ΅. ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ, ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ» ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ, ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΡ
Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π³Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ
Fundamental gap in fundamental biology
The article raises the problems of intracellular spatial and temporal organization of metabolism, signaling,
and energy supply of these processes. To provide cell functions, the enzymes of metabolic chains, molecules
of signaling pathways, and macroergs (as units of molecular interactions, accompanied by energy
consumption) should find their partners and get their precise spatial relationship. The current views are
based on ideas of compartmentalization of all processes as local sites of cellular matrix membrane, where
specific stages of different metabolic cycles take place. The assembly of complexes of macromolecules in the
number and combinations, required for their adequate functioning in the space of a cell, is generally
described as intracellular transport of vesicles, implemented by mobile elements of cytoske- leton. Inside
the vesicle there is Β«effective loadΒ» β macromolecules. The membranes of these vesicles fuse with specific
sites of the matrix membranes and therefore relocate macromolecules. Neither calcula- tions nor
assumptions allow explaining precise formation of enzymatic chains, their interaction, signaling, etc. on
this basis. Such transport of macromolecules (inside vesicles) enables solving other tasks. The concept of
search-and-address systems in the form of space-scanning micro vesicles is proposed and well-grounded
for purposes of searching for partners, forming chains and complexes, and building compartments. The
micro vesicles collect corresponding chains of enzymes, signaling, and ensure the interactions on their
surface. These micro vesicles are exactly those compartments, which provide for both precision of
processes and their relationship.
Keywords: metabolism, cell, compartmentalization, vesicle, trans- port of macromolecules, precision of
processes.Π‘ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»Ρ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΠ³ΠΈ (ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ,
ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ) Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡΡΡ. Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ°, Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ². Π‘Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ» Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡ
Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅
ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ Π²Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΊΡΠ», ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠ°. Π Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ Π²Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΊΡΠ» ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ Β«ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠ·Β» β ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»Ρ. ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»
ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»Ρ. ΠΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈ Π»ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅
ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΈΡ
Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³ ΠΈ Ρ. Π΄. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ» (Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ Π²Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΊΡΠ») ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ-Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΊΡΠ». ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π°, ΠΈΡ
Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅.
ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°: ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ, ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ, Π²Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»Π°, ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ», ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ².Π£ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎ-ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΌΡ, ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π³Ρ ΡΠ° Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ². ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π»Π°Π½ΡΡΠ³ΡΠ², ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΡΠ², ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ΅ΡΠ³ΠΈ (ΡΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π²Π·Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΉ, ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈΠ½Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ³ΡΡ) ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π½Ρ Π·Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠ² Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠΉΠ½Π΅ Π²Π·Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ. ΠΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ
Π·Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄Ρ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ°, Π΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΄Π±ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΡΠ². ΠΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ² ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ» Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΡΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΡΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡ
Π½ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΌΡ Π·Π°Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π²ΠΈΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΊ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ Π²Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»,
ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π·Π΄ΡΠΉΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΡ
Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠ°. Π Π²ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π²Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΊΡΠ» ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Β«ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΆΒ» β ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΊΡΠ» Π·Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ Π· ΠΏΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΠΈ.
ΠΡΠ΄Ρ-ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ±Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·βΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠΉΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π»Π°Π½ΡΡΠ³ΡΠ², ΡΡ
Π½Ρ
Π²Π·Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ, ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π³ ΡΠΎΡΠΎ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ» (ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π²Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΊΡΠ») Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΡ
Π·Π°Π²Π΄Π°Π½Ρ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠ², ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π»Π°Π½ΡΡΠ³ΡΠ² Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ², ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π³ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ-Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΊΡΠ». ΠΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄Π½Ρ Π»Π°Π½ΡΡΠ³ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ², Π΄ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π³Ρ, ΡΡ
Π½ΡΠΎΡ Π²Π·Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ.
Π’Π°ΠΊΡ ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΠΈ Ρ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΎ Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠΉΠ½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ², Ρ ΡΡ
Π½Ρ Π²Π·Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ.
ΠΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°: ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΌ, ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ,
Π²Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»Π°, ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ», ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠΉΠ½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²
The influence of localized states charging on 1/f^{\alpha} tunneling current noise spectrum
We report the results of theoretical investigations of low frequency
tunneling current noise spectra component (1/f^{\alpha}). Localized states of
individual impurity atoms play the key role in low frequency tunneling current
noise formation. It is found that switching "on" and "off" of Coulomb
interaction of conduction electrons with one or two charged localized states
results in power law singularity of low-frequency tunneling current noise
spectrum 1/f^{\alpha}. Power law exponent in different low frequency ranges
depends on the relative values of Coulomb interaction of conduction electrons
with different charged impurities.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figure
Charge and spin configurations in the coupled quantum dots with Coulomb correlations induced by tunneling current
We investigated the peculiarities of non-equilibrium charge states and spin
configurations in the system of two strongly coupled quantum dots (QDs) weakly
connected to the electrodes in the presence of Coulomb correlations. We
analyzed the modification of non-equilibrium charge states and different spin
configurations of the system in a wide range of applied bias voltage and
revealed well pronounced ranges of system parameters where negative tunneling
conductivity appears due to the Coulomb correlations.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figure
GAMMA-TRIMETHYLSILYL(TRIPHENYLSILYL)PYRIDINES IN THE SYNTHESES OF SILICON-CONTAINING PYRIDINIUM ILIDES AND INDOLIZINES
Ξ³-Trimethylsilyl(triphenylsilyl) pyridines in syntheses of silicon-containing pyridinium ylids and indolizines
Three N-phenacyl-Ξ³-trimethylsilyl (triphenylsilyl)pyridinium bromides were converted to stable silyl-substituted pyridinium ylids. Six previously unknown silicon-containing indolizines were obtained by two methods, viz., 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) to the pyridinium ylids and the Chichibabin reaction. Spectral data that confirm the structures of the synthesized compounds are presented. Β© 1981 Plenum Publishing Corporation
GAMMA-TRIMETHYLSILYL(TRIPHENYLSILYL)PYRIDINES IN THE SYNTHESES OF SILICON-CONTAINING PYRIDINIUM ILIDES AND INDOLIZINES
Influence of resonant tunneling on the imaging of atomic defects on InAs(110) surfaces by low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy
Ξ³-Trimethylsilyl(triphenylsilyl) pyridines in syntheses of silicon-containing pyridinium ylids and indolizines
Three N-phenacyl-Ξ³-trimethylsilyl (triphenylsilyl)pyridinium bromides were converted to stable silyl-substituted pyridinium ylids. Six previously unknown silicon-containing indolizines were obtained by two methods, viz., 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) to the pyridinium ylids and the Chichibabin reaction. Spectral data that confirm the structures of the synthesized compounds are presented. Β© 1981 Plenum Publishing Corporation