Innovation activity of corporations in emerging economies

The paper considers macro parameters of corporation innovation activity in the BRICS countries. The authors determine transnational corporation behavior strategies in the context of creating and transferring new knowledge, where developed countries (the USA, European countries and Japan) play an important role and take a leading position in this process. Companies from emerging economies focus on using and adopting innovations. The reason for this is that knowledge "is coded" specifically, consequently the participants of its exchange have to be in similar intellectual space. Nevertheless, the market-leading corporations from the BRICS countries join the world chains of innovation creation, building their networks to satisfy their branches needs concerning technological decisions and personnel trainin

Preparation of Class Y Immunoglobulins that Neutralize the Marburg Virus

The aim was to study the possibility of inducing Marburg-neutralizing chicken antibodies (MARV) using various immunogens.Materials and methods. Recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the surface glycoprotein (GP) transgene MARV of Musoke strain and pseudovirus particles exhibiting GP of three strains of MARV – Popp, Musoke and DRC2000 based on lentivirus and recombinant strain of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) were used as immunogens. Two groups of birds were involved in the study. Chickens were immunized 9 times: first time they were injected with the recombinant vaccinia virus, and then 8 times – with pseudovirus particles (based on lentivirus and a recombinant strain of the vesicular stomatitis virus). The accumulation of specific antibodies was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We used recombinant VSV exhibiting GP MARV, and natural MARV strain Popp for the analysis of accumulation of neutralizing antibodies.Results and discussion. We have developed an effective immunization schedule for chickens with three recombinant constructs presenting GP MARV, which results in the induction of chicken IgY antibodies against Marburg virus with a titer in ELISA from 1:100 to 1:1 million. The obtained IgY neutralize MARV pseudoviruses (Popp, DRC2000, Musoke) at a dilution of 1/256 to 1/1024 and the natural MARV virus of the Popp strain at a dilution of 1/8. More stable results were demonstrated by immunization using Freund’s incomplete adjuvant

Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 Virus Variants of Concern in Mouse Models

The aim of the research was to assess the susceptibility of mice of different lines to newly emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2.Materials and methods. The SARS-CoV-2 virus strains belonging to variants of concern (VOC) circulating in the territory of the Russian Federation were used in the study. Experiments involved three inbred mouse lines (BALB/c, CBA and C57Bl/6z) and CD1 outbred mice taken from the nursery of the SSC VB “Vector” of the Rospotrebnadzor. The infectious titer of coronavirus in tissue samples obtained from the laboratory animals was determined on a Vero E6 cell culture. The (Ct) threshold value in RT-PCR was considered an additional parameter for monitoring the viral load in the samples. The severity of lung tissue damage was assessed using histological preparations.Results and discussion. The susceptibility of various mouse lines to the genetic variant Beta of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has been investigated. During intranasal infection of the inbred and outbred mice with strains of VOC at a dose of 2·103 TCID50, the virus replicated in the lungs with maximum concentrations 72 hours after infection. The pathogenicity of genetic variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus for BALB/c mice has been assessed, a 50 % infectious dose for intranasal infection (ID50) determined. Histological analysis showed COVID-19-specific lung tissue lesions in infected animals. Our study proves that BALB/c mice can be used as a model animal in screening studies when evaluating the effectiveness of therapeutic, vaccine preparations and studying the pathogenesis caused by VOC of the SARS-CoV-2 virus: Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Omicron (B.1.1.529) and the like

Pathogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus Variants of Concern for the Syrian Golden Hamster

The aim of the work was to study the pathogenicity of newly emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 on the model of the Syrian golden hamster.Materials and methods. We used the strains of SARS-CoV-2 virus related to the VOC circulating in the territory of the Russian Federation. The experiments were carried out on outbreed Syrian hamsters obtained from the nursery of the SSC VB “Vector”. The infectious titer of coronavirus in tissue samples collected from infected laboratory animals was determined on a Vero E6 cell culture. The Ct in RT-PCR was considered an additional parameter for monitoring the viral load in the samples. The severity of lung tissue damage in Syrian hamsters with COVID-19 was assessed by histological preparations.Results and discussion. 50 % infecting doses in case of the intranasal infection have been determined, histological analysis of lung tissues performed. The pathogenicity of various variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus for the Syrian hamster has been evaluated, differences in infecting doses and pathological changes in the lungs have been revealed. SARS-CoV-2 viruses belonging to Beta genetic variant have the highest virulence, while Alpha variant has the lowest one when comparing the studied strains by the ID50 value. The Delta and Omicron variants have a matched ability to cause specific damage to the tissues of the respiratory tract, while being inferior only to the Beta variant. It has been demonstrated that Syrian hamsters are an adequate model for assessing the pathogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus variants of concern. Variants of SARS-CoV-2 virus during intranasal infection has shown different degree of pathogenicity in the Syrian hamster model

Circulation of Lyssaviruses (Lyssavirus) among the Small Mammals in the Territory of the Republic of Guinea

Objective is to study the role of small mammals, habitant in the Republic of Guinea, in Lyssavirus circulation. Materials and methods. Investigations were conducted using RT-PCR; nucleotide sequence of Lyssavirus cDNA fragments was identified with the help of sequencing with further phylogenetic analysis. Results and conclusions. Tested have been 356 brain samples from small mammals for the presence of Lyssavirus RNA using RT-PCR with genus-specific primers. The animals were caught in the suburbs of Kindia city in 2016. The samples were obtained from wild animals pertaining to Rodentia, Chiroptera, Eulipotyphla, and Carnivora orders.Lyssavirus RNA was detected in 31 samples (8.7 %). For 14 PCR positive samples the appurtenance to Lyssavirus was confirmed through identification and analysis of nucleotide sequences of the collected short cDAN fragments of viral genome. The presence of rabies virus RNA in positive tests was excluded from PCR with the help of species specific primers. The pool of samples from black rats, Rattus rattus, positive for Lyssavirus RNA, contained RNA characteristic of Mokola lyssavirus species. Specified has been nucleotide sequence of matrix protein M gene fragment of Mokola virus. Genetic material of Mokola virus was detected in the Republic of Guinea for the first time ever

Innovation activity of corporations in emerging economies

The paper considers macro parameters of corporation innovation activity in the BRICS countries. The authors determine transnational corporation behavior strategies in the context of creating and transferring new knowledge, where developed countries (the USA, European countries and Japan) play an important role and take a leading position in this process. Companies from emerging economies focus on using and adopting innovations. The reason for this is that knowledge "is coded" specifically, consequently the participants of its exchange have to be in similar intellectual space. Nevertheless, the market-leading corporations from the BRICS countries join the world chains of innovation creation, building their networks to satisfy their branches needs concerning technological decisions and personnel trainin

Innovation activity of corporations in emerging economies

The paper considers macro parameters of corporation innovation activity in the BRICS countries. The authors determine transnational corporation behavior strategies in the context of creating and transferring new knowledge, where developed countries (the USA, European countries and Japan) play an important role and take a leading position in this process. Companies from emerging economies focus on using and adopting innovations. The reason for this is that knowledge “is coded” specifically, consequently the participants of its exchange have to be in similar intellectual space. Nevertheless, the market-leading corporations from the BRICS countries join the world chains of innovation creation, building their networks to satisfy their branches needs concerning technological decisions and personnel trainin