Інженерна комп’ютерна графіка

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Modelling the Cold Formability of Dualphase Steels on Different Length Scales

Modern multiphase steels contain constituents of distinctive mechanical properties, so that they develop strong gradients in the local strain distribution during forming operations and this strongly promotes the microstructural damage evolution. Consequently, the material’ resistance against ductile crack initiation sets the limits of cold formability and these can even be reached without any macroscopic necking phenomena. The modified Bai Wierzbicki (MBW) model has been proven the capability of providing an impressive accuracy of simulation results when applied to stretch forming tests as it describes ductile crack initiation and propagation. The consideration of the third invariant of the stress deviator on plasticity and ductile failure is a key factor for the model’ high accuracy, but due to its phenomenological character its applicability for materials design is currently not given. Furthermore, the quantity of material parameters is so high that an industrial application of this model cannot be expected. Therefore the paper presents an alternative approach for parameter calibration relying on virtual experiments on representative volume elements, where the plastic strain localization theory is applied without any other damage model

A Method to Quantitatively Upscale the Damage Initiation of Dual-Phase Steels Under Various Stress States From Microscale to Macroscale

The aim of this paper is to develop a micromechanical model to quantitatively upscale the damage initiation of dual-phase steels under various stress states from micro to macro and reveal the underlying mechanisms of the damage initiation dependency on stress states from a microstructural level. Finite element (FE) model based on the real microstructure of a DP600 steel sheet is employed by representative volume element (RVE) method. Several numerical aspects are also discussed, such as mesh size and discretisation feature of the phase boundary. The plastic strain localisation theory is applied to the RVE modelling without any other damage models or imperfections. Three typical stress states, uniaxial tension, plane-strain tension and equibiaxial tension, are considered to investigate the influence of the stress state on damage initiation. The quantitative evaluation of the damage initiation for three stress states obtained from the RVE simulation shows the dependency on both stress triaxiality and Lode angle. The results are further compared to the experimentally calibrated damage initiation locus (DIL) and a fairly good agreement is achieved. From this study, the general physical understanding of the effect of stress states on damage initiation is explored and the method for quantitative analysis of the damage initiation in a microstructural level is also established. The microstructure heterogeneity is considered as the key factor that contributes to the damage initiation behaviour of the dual-phase steel

Modeling the Microstructure Influence on Fatigue Life Variability in Structural Steels

The endurance and HCF lifetime of multiphase steel components depend mainly on the phase of fatigue microcrack initiation and early propagation. A numerical study, which quantitatively describes the influence of microstructural features on the initiation and growth of cyclic microcracks, is presented within the context of microstructure-sensitive modeling. The implementation of kinematic hardening on each slip system in a crystal plasticity model allows for capturing the local accumulation of plastic microdeformation representing slip irreversibility occurring in the crack incubation phase. A load increasing testing technique with continuous temperature measurement and interrupted cyclic bending experiments deliver information about the endurance strength of a structural steel and allow for metallographic observation of cyclic microcrack propagation and thereby provide the experimental basis for the numerical simulations. The material model is implemented in cyclic computations with statistically representative volume elements, which are based on experimental microstructure description using the electron backscatter diffraction technique (EBSD). The extreme value distributions of the computed accumulation of local dislocation slip are then correlated to the microstructure in an approach to assess and explore the validity extent of microstructure-sensitive modeling using fatigue indicator parameters (FIPs) to correlate to the endurance limit and fatigue life under high-cycle fatigue conditions. The eligibility of consideration of the stresses normal to the planes of localized plastic damage assisting fatigue crack formation into these FIPs is investigated

The Modeling Scheme to Evaluate the Influence of Microstructure Features on Microcrack Formation of DP-Steel: The Artificial Microstructure Model and Its Application to Predict the Strain Hardening Behaviour

Due to the existence of constituents with strong distinction in mechanical properties, dual phase steels exhibit remarkably high-energy absorption along with excellent combination of strength and ductility. Furthermore, these constituents also affect deformation and microcrack formation in which various mechanisms can be observed. Thus, a reliable microstructure-based simulation approach for describing these deformations and microcrack initiation is needed. Under this framework of modeling scheme development, several work packages have been carried out. These work packages includes algorithm to generate the artificial microstructure model, a procedure to derive plasticity parameters for each constituent, and characterization of the microcrack formation and initiation criteria determination. However, due to the complexity of topic and in order to describe each work package in detail, this paper focused only on the approach to generate the artificial microstructure model and its application to predict the strain hardening behavior. The approach was based on the quantitative results of metallographic microstructure analysis and their statistical representation. The dual phase steel was first characterized by EBSD analysis to identify individual phase grain size distribution functions. The results were then input into a multiplicatively weighted Voronoi tessellation based algorithm to generate artificial microstructure geometry models. Afterwards, nanoindentation was performed to calibrate crystal plasticity parameters of ferrite and empirical approach based on local chemical composition was used to approximate flow curve of martensite. By assigning the artificial microstructure model with plasticity description of each constituent, strain-hardening behavior of DP-steel was then predicted