Elaboration of New Method of Deep Processing of Caro-tene-containing Raw Materials Into Nanoadditives with the Use of Cryogenic Freezing and Fine-dispersed Grinding

The aim of the work is elaboration of principally new cryogenic method of deep processing of carotene-containing vegetable raw material (CCVRM) such as carrot, pumpkin, sweet Bulgarian pepper, tomato, sea buckthorn, apricot using cryogenic freezing and fine-dispersed grinding.The new method of deep processing leads to more full extracting and removal of β-carotene from the state, bound with biopolymers into free and hydrophilic form. The mechanism of these processes was presented. It was established, that mass share of β-carotene in cryopuree, received by the new method, exceeds its content in initial (fresh) CCVRM in 3,0…3,5 times.The regularities of growth and transformation of carotenoids separately at freezing with different high speeds and low-temperature grinding of CCYRM were established. It was demonstrated, that at cryogenic freezing take place quantitative increase of mass share of carotenoids in 2,0…2,5 times comparing with initial (fresh) raw material depending on freezing speed and type of CCVRM. That is it was demonstrated, that frozen carotene-containing vegetable raw material contains 2,0…2,5 times more β-carotene than fresh one. Mechanism of these processes was presented.It was demonstrated, that cryopuree of CCVRM, received using new methods of deep processing, exceeds the initial (fresh) raw material by the content not only β-carotene but also other low-molecular bioactive substances: L-ascorbic acid – in 2,0…2,2 times, phenol compounds – in 1,7…1,8 times, tanning substances – in 1,5…1,7 times). That is they have principally new chemical composition, because practically all bioactive substances (BAS) in cryopuree are in nanosize form and easily assimilated by human organism

Regularities of structural-cellular structure of ovaries in ontogenesis

The article presents the examination of the ovaries of embryos, ovaries of human feti and ovaries of children of the tender age. The researches revealed the increase of the surface of follicles, nucleus and primary oocyte's cytoplasm that tells about the fact that further follicular maturation continues in the ovaries of a child of 2-4 months old. Also we registered the increase of nuclear cytoplasmic ratio, appearance of single mature follicles with cumulus oophorus that testifies to the fact that the ovary is functionally mature. Furthermore the research revealed increased content of lipids and DNA in follicular epithelium that also tells aboutfunctional maturity of the ovary. It was found that incretory activity of an ovary during the first year of life is provided by the cells originated from the connective tissue membrane of atresic follicles

Нарушение обмена железа — универсальный патогенетический фактор в поражении органов и систем при COVID-19

Relevance. The pathogenesis of COVID-19 remains one of the most pressing. The literature discusses the role of iron as a factor supporting inflammatory processes, hypercoagulability and microcirculation crisis in severe COVID-19.The aim of study. was to identify changes in iron metabolism in patients with severe COVID-19 and hyperferritinemia.Material and methods. In this study, we used a content analysis of available scientific publications and our own observations of the peculiarities of the clinical picture and laboratory parameters in patients with a severe course of COVID-19 who had hyperferretinemia at the height of the disease. The main group consisted of 30 patients hospitalized in the Department of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care of N.A. Semashko City clinical Hospital No. 38 with the diagnosis COVID-19, bilateral polysegmental pneumonia, severe course and hyperferritinemia. The diagnosis of a new coronavirus infection was confirmed by visualization of bilateral viral lung lesions with chest CT-scan, positive PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 and the presence of immunoglobulins to SARS-CoV-2. The control group consisted of 20 healthy volunteers. The study evaluated the biochemical parameters of iron metabolism, fibrinolysis and markers of inflammation. Changes associated with impaired iron metabolism were assessed by the level of serum iron, transferrin, daily and induced iron excretion in the urine. Statistical processing was carried out using nonparametric methods.Results. All patients with severe COVID-19 and hyperferritinemia showed signs of impaired iron metabolism, inflammation and fibrinolysis — a decrease in the level of transferrin (p<0.001), serum iron (p><0.005), albumin (p><0.001), lymphocytes (p><0.001) and an increase in leukocytes (p><0.001), neutrophils (p><0.001), CRP (p><0.005), IL-6 (p><0.001), D-dimer (p><0.005), daily urinary iron excretion (p><0.005) and induced urinary iron excretion (p><0.001). Conclusions The study showed that in the pathogenesis of the severe course of COVID-19, there is a violation of iron metabolism and the presence of a free iron fraction. The appearance of free iron can be caused by damage to cells with the “release” of iron from cytochromes, myoglobin, hemoglobin, or violation of the binding of iron to transferrin, which may be the result of a change in the protein structure or violation of the oxidation of iron to the trivalent state. When assessing the degree of viral effect on the body, one should take into account the effect of various regulators of iron metabolism, as well as an assessment of the level of free iron not associated with transferrin. Keywords: new coronavirus infection, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, iron metabolism, free iron, ferritin, transferrin, NTBI, nontransferrin bound iron>˂0.001), serum iron (p˂0.005), albumin (p˂0.001), lymphocytes (p˂0.001) and an increase in leukocytes (p˂0.001), neutrophils (p˂0.001), CRP (p˂0.005), IL-6 (p˂0.001), D-dimer (p˂0.005), daily urinary iron excretion (p˂0.005) and induced urinary iron excretion (p˂0.001).Conclusions. The study showed that in the pathogenesis of the severe course of COVID-19, there is a violation of iron metabolism and the presence of a free iron fraction. The appearance of free iron can be caused by damage to cells with the “release” of iron from cytochromes, myoglobin, hemoglobin, or violation of the binding of iron to transferrin, which may be the result of a change in the protein structure or violation of the oxidation of iron to the trivalent state. When assessing the degree of viral effect on the body, one should take into account the effect of various regulators of iron metabolism, as well as an assessment of the level of free iron not associated with transferrin. Актуальность. Вопрос патогенеза COVID-19 остается одним из самых актуальных. В литературе обсуждается роль железа в качестве фактора, поддерживающего воспалительные процессы, гиперкоагуляцию и кризис микроциркуляции при тяжелом течении COVID-19.Цель исследования. Выявление изменений показателей обмена железа у больных с тяжелым течением COVID-19 и гиперферритинемией.Материал и методы. В настоящем исследовании использованы контент-анализ имеющихся научных публикаций и собственные наблюдения за особенностями клинической картины и лабораторных параметров у пациентов с тяжелым течением COVID-19, имевших гиперферритинемию в период наибольших проявлений заболевания. Основная группа состояла из 30 пациентов, госпитализированных в отделение анестезиологии, реанимации и интенсивной терапии СПб ГБУЗ «Городская больница № 38 им. Н.А. Семашко» с диагнозом «COVID-19, двусторонняя полисегментарная пневмония, тяжелое течение» и гиперферритинемией. Диагноз новой коронавирусной инфекции подтверждался визуализацией двустороннего вирусного поражения легких при компьютерной томографии грудной клетки, положительным ПЦР-тестом на SARS-CoV-2 и наличием иммуноглобулинов к SARS-CoV-2. Группу сравнения составили 20 здоровых добровольцев. В работе дана оценка биохимических показателей обмена железа, фибринолиза и маркеров воспаления. Изменения, связанные с нарушением обмена железа, оценивали по уровню сывороточного железа, трансферрина, суточной и индуцированной экскреции железа с мочой. Статистическую обработку осуществляли с помощью непараметрических методов.Результаты. У всех пациентов с тяжелым течением COVID-19 и гиперферритинемией отмечались статистически значимые признаки нарушения метаболизма железа, воспаления и фибринолиза — снижение уровня сывороточного трансферрина (p<0,001), железа (p><0,005) и альбумина (p><0,001), лимфоцитов (p><0,001) в крови, повышение содержания в ней лейкоцитов (p><0,001), нейтрофилов (p><0,001), СРБ (p><0,005), ИЛ-6 (p><0,001), D-димера (p><0,005), а также увеличение суточной (p><0,005) и индуцированной экскреции железа с мочой (p><0,001). заключение Проведенное исследование показало, что в патогенезе тяжелого течения COVID-19 имеет место нарушение метаболизма железа и наличие свободной фракции железа. Появление свободного железа может быть вызвано повреждением клеток с высвобождением железа из цитохромов, миоглобина, гемоглобина либо нарушением процессов связывания железа с трансферрином, что может быть результатом изменения структуры белка или нарушением процесса окисления железа в трехвалентное состояние. При оценке степени вирусного влияния на организм следует учитывать и влияние различных регуляторов метаболизма железа, а также оценку уровня свободного, не связанного с трансферрином железа. Ключевые слова: новая коронавирусная инфекция, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, обмен железа, свободное железо, ферритин, трансферрин, NTBI, nontransferrin bound iron>˂0,001), железа (p˂0,005) и альбумина (p˂0,001), лимфоцитов (p˂0,001) в крови, повышение содержания в ней лейкоцитов (p˂0,001), нейтрофилов (p˂0,001), СРБ (p˂0,005), ИЛ-6 (p˂0,001), D-димера (p˂0,005), а также увеличение суточной (p0,005) и индуцированной экскреции железа с мочой (p˂0,001).Заключение. Проведенное исследование показало, что в патогенезе тяжелого течения COVID-19 имеет место нарушение метаболизма железа и наличие свободной фракции железа. Появление свободного железа может быть вызвано повреждением клеток с высвобождением железа из цитохромов, миоглобина, гемоглобина либо нарушением процессов связывания железа с трансферрином, что может быть результатом изменения структуры белка или нарушением процесса окисления железа в трехвалентное состояние. При оценке степени вирусного влияния на организм следует учитывать и влияние различных регуляторов метаболизма железа, а также оценку уровня свободного, не связанного с трансферрином железа.

РИСК РАЗВИТИЯ ОПУХОЛИ ГОНАД У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ДИСГЕНЕЗИЕЙ ГОНАД И КАРИОТИПОМ 46,XY

Disorders of sex development with Y chromosome material has been associated with a high risk for developing germ cell tumors such as gonadoblastoma or dysgerminoma. The aim of the study was to investigate the risk of germ cell tumors in patients with XY gonadal dysgenesis. Material and methods. In the study included 11 patients with XY gonadal dysgenesis: 4 with complete gonadal dysgenesis and 4 with partial gonadal dysgenesis. Results. Pathologic examination revealed gonadoblastoma and dysgerminoma with gonadoblastoma in 2 of 9 (22%) patients (who had gonadectomy), including 2 of 3 patients (66 %) with complete gonadal dysgenesis. In our series of patients with gonadal dysgenesis 46,XY the risk of germ cell tumors was high, especially in patients with complete gonadal dysgenesis. Considering this results, early gonadectomy is strongly recommended in females patients. The patients with partial dysgenesis with scrotal gonads being reared as males need monitoring. Нарушение формирования пола с кариотипом 46,XY или наличием в кариотипе материала Y-хро­мосомы рассматривается в качестве фактора риска опухоли гонад из герминативных клеток: гонадобластомы и дисгерминомы. Однако характер риска при различных вариантах нарушения формирования пола окончательно не установлен.Цель исследования – определить риск развития опухоли из герминативных клеток при одном из вариантов нарушения формирования пола – дисгенезии яичек с кариотипом 46,XY.Материал и методы. В исследование включено 11 пациентов с дисгенезией яичек и кариотипом 46,XY. В 4 наблюдениях имела место тотальная, в 7 – парциальная дисгенезия яичек. В 9 случаях проведена гонадэктомия с последующим гистологическим исследованием материала.Результаты. По результатам гистологического исследования гонадобластома и дисгерминома выявлены в 2 (22%) из 9 наблюдений. При этом гонадобластома и дисгерминома имели место в 2 (66%) из 3 наблюдений при тотальной дисгенезии яичек, и не выявлены ни в одном из 6 случаев парциальной дисгенезии яичек (p = 0,1).Заключение. Таким образом, дисгенезия яичек с кариотипоп 46,XY является фактором риска развития опухоли из герминативных клеток. При тотальной форме дисгенезии яичек риск развития опухоли несколько выше. Необходимо производить гонадэктомию при тотальной дисгенезии яичек в момент выявления заболевания. При парциальной дисгенезии яичек и выборе мужского паспортного пола требуется длительное наблюдение за сохраненными гонадами

Deep Processing of Carotene-containing Vegetables and Obtaining Nanofood with the Use of Equipment of New Generation

We proposed and designed a new method of deep processing of carotene­containing vegetables – alternative to cryogenic treatment, based on the comprehensive action of steam thermal treatment and finely dispersed grinding on raw materials using a new generation of equipment that is applied in restaurant business, which makes it possible to more fully utilize biological potential (2...3 times higher than in the original raw materials).It was found that during deep (steam convection) processing of carotene­containing vegetables (carrot and pumpkin) with the use of modern steam convection equipment, the fermentative processes proceed with less intensity than during traditional method of thermal treatment – blanching by immersion in boiling water. The quantitative indicator of the maximum fermentative activity during treatment of the carotene­containing vegetables in a combi steamer, compared to blanching, is 2–4,5 times less for polyphenol oxidase, by 3 times for peroxidase. It was demonstrated that the complete inactivation of oxidative enzymes during thermal treatment of carotene­containing vegetables in a combi steamer occurs earlier than during blanching and takes place in 20 minutes, which is 10–15 minutes Faster than at blanching. The complete inactivation of oxidative enzymes during blanching of carotene­containing vegetables occurs in 30–35 minutes.It was demonstrated that, compared with fresh raw materials, during thermal treatment of carotene­containing vegetables (carrot, pumpkin) in a combi steamer (under the above­mentioned modes), not only the preservation of b­carotene is achieved in 10 minutes, but also the increase in its mass by 2...2,3 times that occurs due to the release from the hidden state (forms, associated with biopolymers) to free form that is registered by the chemical methods of research. It was found that the loss of vitamin C during thermal treatment of carotene­containing vegetables in a combi steamer is much lower than at blanching. Thus, after 20 minutes of thermal treatment in the combi steamer, the mass fraction of L­ascorbic acid remained by 65…80 %, while after blanching by 40…50 %.It was also demonstrated that after steam thermal treatment and finely dispersed grinding of carotene­containing vegetables when making puree, a significant increase in the extraction of L­ascorbic acid and b­carotene occurs in comparison to the original raw materials, which is 2 and 3 times larger for pumpkin, respectively, and for carrot – 1,7 and 2,5 times, respectively.It was found that the comprehensive application of steam thermal treatment of vegetable raw materials in a combi steamer with finely dispersed grinding makes it possible to obtain puree, the quality of which is close to the quality of the puree, obtained using the cryogenic product treatment (in particular, the content of b­carotene is 2,5…3 times during steam thermal treatment and is 2,8...3,5 times during cryogenic treatment)

Exploring the Processes of Cryomechanodestruction and Mechanochemistry When Devising Nano-technologies for the Frozen Carotenoid Plant Supplements

The influence of cryomechanodestruction is examined on the activation and destruction of heteropolysaccharides – protein nano complexes with carotene and other low-molecular BAS, such as L-ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds, which are in vegetable raw materials are in the non-active bound form, when developing the nanotechnologies of plant supplements, in particular, frozen nanopuree from carrot, sweet pepper, pumpkin, tomato, apricot, buckthorn.We discovered regularities and mechanisms of comprehensive effect of deep processing the carotene-containing vegetable raw materials, freezing and cryomechanodestruction for the preservation and extraction of carotenoids, bound in nano complexes with biopolymers, into free and hydrophilic forms. It was found that in the development of nanotechnologies for cryopuree, there occurs the extraction of b-carotene into free form, by 3...3.5 times larger than in the original raw materials.The benefits of the research include the fact that, as a result of using comprehensive effect of cryotreatment of raw materials and cryomechanodestruction, the nano complexes of biopolymers with low-molecular substances, such as β-carotene, L-ascorbic acid, low-molecular phenolic compounds, are destroyed and there occurs their transformation from hidden, bound form into the free soluble easily digestible form – the nanoform. This makes it possible to reveal the biopotential of plant cell, tissue more effectively and extract from them the hidden forms of biologically active substances with fundamentally new chemical composition and high consumer properties, which might be used when creating health improving food products