ФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ЭФФЕКТ ПРОБИОТИКА ЗООВЕСТИНА В ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАХ НА НЕПРОДУКТИВНЫХ ЖИВОТНЫХ

The article focuses on the fact, that probiotic specimens affect insufficiently due to lack of specific microorganisms for gut colonization, response to antibiotics or some feeds, way of applying and doses and periods of applying. The authors explain the importance of estimating the effect of applying new probiotics on domestic animals. The researchers conducted experiments on cats and dogs; the experimental results show the effect of probiotic Zoovestin. The paper estimates the state of blood in the beginning of the experiment and declares that blood of cats and dogs corresponds to the standards. The authors observed the microorganisms as coccus, coliform bacillus with low enzyme ability, yeast-like fungi, globulolytic coliform bacillus and proteus in gut microflora of pets. There were no changes in blood indexes of pets observed. Zoovestin improved gut flora of cats and dogs and made its indexescorrepond to the physiological standards. The researchers observed an increase in number of bifid bacterium and coliform bacillus with low enzyme ability. The number of coccus flora and coliform bacillus with low enzyme ability was reduced and globulolytic coliform bacillus and proteus were removed. The researchers observed better appetite and exterior that characterizes their welfare. Пробиотические препараты иногда дают недостаточный эффект, что связывается с необходимостью специфических типов микроорганизмов для колонизации кишечника определенного вида животных, чувствительностью к антибиотикам или некоторым кормам, способом применения, включая дозы и периоды использования. В связи с этим особую актуальность приобретает оценка физиологического эффекта на организм животных новых пробиотических препаратов. В опытах на кошках и собаках показано действие пробиотика на основе бифидобактерий – зоовестина. Оценка гематологического статуса в начале эксперимента показала, что и кошки, и собаки характеризуются показателями крови в границах нормы. В то же время в кишечной микрофлоре были в значительной степени представлены такие микроорганизмы, как кокки, кишечная палочка с низкой ферментативной активностью, дрожжеподобные грибы, гемолитическая кишечная палочка и протей. Гематологические показатели животных в процессе исследований значительных изменений не претерпели. Зоовестин стабилизировал кишечную флору кошек и собак и привел ее показатели к физиологическим нормам. Произошло некоторое повышение количества бифидобактерий и кишечной палочки с нормальной ферментативной активностью. Снизилось до нормы количество кокковой флоры и кишечной палочки с низкой ферментативной активностью, элиминирована гемолитическая кишечная палочка и протей. Улучшился аппетит и внешний вид животных, что характеризует их благополучие

Integrative Neuropsychological Characteristics of Subcortical-Frontal Brain Regions as a Schizophrenia Liability Factor

Para estudiar las características de las regiones cerebrales subcórtico-frontal, se investigaron la función y la evaluación de su relación con la vulnerabilidad a la esquizofrenia en 59 pacientes y 23 controles, empleando los métodos neuropsicológicos de Luria. El análisis estableció anormalidades bilaterales de la función de las zonas lobulares prefrontal y frontal profunda en pacientes comparados con los controles. Estas anormalidades eran más predominantes en el hemisferio izquierdo. Las coeficientes de correlación punto-biserial de algunos indicadores neuropsicológicos integrativos con la vulnerabilidad a la esquizofrenia eran de 0,39 ± 0,11 y 0,28 ± 0,09, respectivamente. Los datos obtenidos llevan a la discusión de los indicadores neuropsicológicos integrativos de regiones subcortical-frontales del cerebro que se revelan como marcadores potenciales de vulnerabilidad a la esquizofrenia y confirma el papel de la asimetría estructural y funcional del cerebro en la patogénesis de la esquizofrenia.In order to study neuropsychological characteristics of subcortical-frontal brain regions function and assessment of their relation with vulnerability to schizophrenia 59 patients and 23 controls were investigated using Luria’s neuropsychological methods. The analysis established bilateral abnormalities of the function of prefrontal and profound frontal lobe zones in patients as compared with controls. These abnormalities were more predominate in the left hemisphere. Point biserial correlation coefficients of determined integrative neuropsychological indicators with liability to schizophrenia were 0.39 ± 0.11 and 0.28 ± 0.09, for the left and right brain zones respectively. The obtained data permits discussion of the integrative neuropsychological indicators of subcorticalfrontal brain regions as potential markers of liability to schizophrenia and confirms the role of structural and functional brain asymmetry in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia

Гомеостаз собак при их кормлении сухим кормом промышленного производства и кормом домашнего приготовления

The work aimed to test a newly developed new formulation of domestic dry food for dogs. Some homeostasis indicators in dogs transferred from natural feeding to complete dry food were assessed. The studies were conducted on two groups of dogs kept by their owners in apartment conditions and on personal plots. Dogs of the 1st group (experimental) were transferred from feeding homemade food to industrially produced complete dry food. The diet of dogs in group 2 (control) did not change and still consisted of meat products, cereals and vegetables.Biomaterial for research (blood, faeces) was taken at the beginning of the experiment and after two months of controlled feeding. The bioelemental and biochemical composition of blood, haematological parameters and faecal microbiology were studied. The dogs' and general clinical conditions were assessed, including determination of live weight at the beginning and end of the two-month study. The results of the elemental analysis showed that two months after the transfer of dogs of the 1st group from the "natural" type of feeding to dry food in the blood of the animals, the concentration of arsenic, lead, strontium, chromium, iodine, selenium and zinc decreased, but the levels of lithium increased nickel and molybdenum. Of the biochemical and haematological parameters, AST, ALT, β-lipoproteins, amylase, lipase, total protein and haemoglobin increased statistically significantly, but alkaline phosphatase level decreased. In addition, switching dogs to dry food contributed to a decrease in 1 g of faeces in the concentration of E. coli with regular enzymatic activity, lactose-negative E. coli, microflora of the genus Proteus and yeast-like fungi. During the experimental period, animals of the 2nd (control) group showed an increase in the amount of microflora of the genus Protea and lactose-negative E. coli. In the intestines of dogs of both groups during the study period, an increase in coccal flora and a decrease in the number of E. coli hemolytic and E. aerogenes were observed.Цель работы состояла в испытании вновь разработанной новой рецептуры отечественного сухого корма для собак. Проведена  оценка некоторых показателей гомеостаза собак, переведенных с натурального типа кормления на полнорационный сухой корм. Исследования проводили на двух группах собак, содержавшихся их владельцами в квартирных условиях и на приусадебных участках. Собаки 1-й группы (опытной) были при этом переведены с кормления кормом домашнего приготовления на полнорационный сухой корм промышленного производства. Рацион собак 2-й группы (контрольной)  не менялся и по-прежнему состоял из мясопродуктов, каш и овощей. Биоматериал  для исследований (кровь, фекалии) брали в начале опыта и спустя два месяца контролируемого кормления. Изучали биоэлементный и биохимический состав крови, гематологические показатели и микробиологию кала. Оценивали кондиции собак, их общее клиническое состояние, включая определение живой массы в начале и по окончании двухмесячного исследования. Полученные результаты элементного анализа показали, что спустя два месяца после перевода собак 1-й группы с «натурального» типа кормления на сухой корм в крови животных снизилась концентрация мышьяка, свинца, стронция, хрома, йода, селена и цинка, но повысились уровни лития, никеля и молибдена. Из биохимических и гематологических показателей статистически значимо выросли AST, ALT, β-липопротеиды, амилаза, липаза, общий белок и гемоглобин, но снизился уровень щелочной фосфатазы. Кроме того, перевод собак на сухой корм способствовал снижению в 1 г фекалий концентрации E.coli с нормальной ферментативной активностью, лактозонегативной E.coli, микрофлоры рода протея и дрожжеподобных грибов. У животных 2-й (контрольной) группы за период опыта отмечен рост количества микрофлоры рода протея и лактозонегативной E.coli. В кишечнике собак обеих групп в исследуемый период наблюдалось увеличение кокковой флоры и снижение количества E.coli hemolytic и E.aerogenes.

Relationship of depressive disorders with hypertension, its control and other metabolic risk factors in the Tyumen Oblast population of men and women. Data from the study “Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions of Russian Federation” (ESSE-RF)

Aim. To study the association between depression and metabolic cardiovascular risk factors, hypertension (HTN) and its control in a random sample of Tyumen Oblast population of men and women aged 25-64 years.Material and methods. The study object was a random sample of the population of the Tyumen and the Tyumen Oblast aged 25-64 years, examined as part of the ESSE-RF epidemiological study. The study included 1658 participants. Among them, 30,3% (n=503) were men, while 69,7% (n=1155) — women. Mean age was 48,9±11,4 years. The prevalence of metabolic risk factors (hyperlipidemia, carbohydrate metabolism disorder, obesity), hypertension and the likelihood of its control in men and women with different levels of depressive disorders diagnosed using the HADS scale were assessed.Results. Compared with participants without depression, persons with psychological disorders were significantly more likely to have HTN (55,5% vs 47,6%, p<0,01), elevated levels of total cholesterol (TC) (63,9% vs 54,0%, p<0,01) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) (66,7% vs 60,3%, p<0,05), carbohydrate metabolism disorders (8,3% vs 5,2% p<0,05), obesity (49,2% vs 37,7%, p<0,01). Significantly more often hypertensive subjects without depression took antihypertensive drugs effectively (odds ratio (OR) — 1,747, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1,001-3,053) and controlled blood pressure (OR — 1,533, 95% CI, 1,05-2,36). There was no association between the use of antihypertensives and the level of depressive disorders. Among women with depression (HADS>7), dyslipidemia (65,5% vs 57,4% for TC, p<0,05; 71,0% vs 62,9% for LDL, p<0,05), carbohydrate metabolism disorders (10,1% vs 5,2%, p<0,01), obesity (53,3% vs 43,2%, p<0,01), HTN (60,6% vs 45,6%, p<0,01) were more common. Men with clinical depression were more likely to have HTN (69,0% vs 47,7%, p<0,05), with a high level of depression — hyperlipidemia (58,9% vs 46,7% for TC, p<0,05; 67,1% vs 53,9% for LDL, p<0,05). Women with elevated depression levels were less likely to take antihypertensive drugs (30% vs 49,4%, p<0,01) and control hypertension (13,8% vs 21,2%, p<0,05).Conclusion. The data obtained confirm the association of depressive disorders with metabolic risk factors and the likelihood of HTN control, which is especially significant among women

Protection of pancreatic INS-1 β-cells from glucose- and fructose-induced cell death by inhibiting mitochondrial permeability transition with cyclosporin A or metformin

Hyperglycemia is detrimental to β-cell viability, playing a major role in the progression of β-cell loss in diabetes mellitus. The permeability transition pore (PTP) is a mitochondrial channel involved in cell death. Recent evidence suggests that PTP inhibitors prevent hyperglycemia-induced cell death in human endothelial cells. In this work, we have examined the involvement of PTP opening in INS-1 cell death induced by high levels of glucose or fructose. PTP regulation was studied by measuring the calcium retention capacity in permeabilized INS-1 cells and by confocal microscopy in intact INS-1 cells. Cell death was analyzed by flow cytometry. We first reported that metformin and cyclosporin A (CsA) prevented Ca2+-induced PTP opening in permeabilized and intact INS-1 cells. We then showed that incubation of INS-1 cells in the presence of 30 mM glucose or 2.5 mM fructose induced PTP opening and led to cell death. As both metformin and CsA prevented glucose- and fructose- induced PTP opening, and hampered glucose- and fructose- induced cell death, we conclude that PTP opening is involved in high glucose- and high fructose- induced INS-1 cell death. We therefore suggest that preventing PTP opening might be a new approach to preserve β-cell viability

Transgenic Overexpression of Active Calcineurin in β-Cells Results in Decreased β-Cell Mass and Hyperglycemia

BACKGROUND:Glucose modulates beta-cell mass and function through an initial depolarization and Ca(2+) influx, which then triggers a number of growth regulating signaling pathways. One of the most important downstream effectors in Ca(2+) signaling is the calcium/Calmodulin activated serine threonine phosphatase, calcineurin. Recent evidence suggests that calcineurin/NFAT is essential for beta-cell proliferation, and that in its absence loss of beta-cells results in diabetes. We hypothesized that in contrast, activation of calcineurin might result in expansion of beta-cell mass and resistance to diabetes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:To determine the role of activation of calcineurin signaling in the regulation of pancreatic beta-cell mass and proliferation, we created mice that expressed a constitutively active form of calcineurin under the insulin gene promoter (caCn(RIP)). To our surprise, these mice exhibited glucose intolerance. In vitro studies demonstrated that while the second phase of Insulin secretion is enhanced, the overall insulin secretory response was conserved. Islet morphometric studies demonstrated decreased beta-cell mass suggesting that this was a major component responsible for altered Insulin secretion and glucose intolerance in caCn(RIP) mice. The reduced beta-cell mass was accompanied by decreased proliferation and enhanced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS:Our studies identify calcineurin as an important factor in controlling glucose homeostasis and indicate that chronic depolarization leading to increased calcineurin activity may contribute, along with other genetic and environmental factors, to beta-cell dysfunction and diabetes

Designing the architecture of the program system for the estimation and analysis of risks in agricultural integrated production systems

The article considers the stages of designing a software package for risk assessment and analysis in agro-industrial integrated production systems, including the development of a modular architecture, the logical structure of the modules included in the software package, physical structure of the software package, software algorithms, and the interface layout

Nodular mastocytosis: a case study

A case study of nodular mastocytosis is described. Tacrolimus was used to treat skin manifestations of mastocytosis