Оценка специализации начинающих предпринимателей различных стран в 2018 году

Entrepreneurship is of great value in the modern economy. It provides a significant increase in the production of goods, works and services in the vast majority of countries, creates new jobs, increases the level of competitiveness and innovation. The article is devoted to the study of involvement in different type entrepreneurship activity. The study was based on data results on the adult population survey, i.e. between the ages of 18 and 64 years. The global monitoring process collected data on a wide range of indicators characterizing female and male entrepreneurship for 48 countries in 2018. During the made study, following two hypotheses were confirmed: indicators of specific weight of early entrepreneurs that specialize in certain types of activities differ significantly according to the countries; in most countries, activities such as trade and variety of services predominate in the early stages of entrepreneurial activity. The results of the research, which have scientific novelty, are as follows: analyze of the existing levels of sector specialization of early entrepreneurs; high quality  approximation of the initial data by the dependences given in the article is proved; proved the predominance in most countries of early entrepreneurs, specialized in wholesale and retail trade; installed countries with high and low levels of the considered indicators.El emprendimiento es de gran valor en la economía moderna. Proporciona un aumento significativo en la producción de bienes, obras y servicios en la gran mayoría de los países, crea nuevos empleos, aumenta el nivel de competitividad e innovación. El artículo está dedicado al estudio de la participación en diferentes tipos de actividad empresarial. El estudio se basó en los resultados de los datos de la encuesta de población adulta, es decir, entre las edades de 18 y 64 años. El proceso de monitoreo global recopiló datos sobre una amplia gama de indicadores que caracterizan el emprendimiento femenino y masculino para 48 países en 2018. Durante el estudio realizado, se confirmaron dos hipótesis: los indicadores del peso específico de los primeros empresarios que se especializan en ciertos tipos de actividades difieren significativamente segun los paises; En la mayoría de los países, actividades como el comercio y la variedad de servicios predominan en las primeras etapas de la actividad empresarial. Los resultados de la investigación, que tienen novedad científica, son los siguientes: analizar los niveles existentes de especialización sectorial de los primeros empresarios; se demuestra una aproximación de alta calidad de los datos iniciales por las dependencias dadas en el artículo; demostró el predominio en la mayoría de los países de los primeros empresarios, especializados en el comercio mayorista y minorista; países instalados con niveles altos y bajos de los indicadores considerados.Предпринимательство имеет большое значение в современных национальных экономиках. Оно создает предпосылки увеличения обеспеченностью населения товарами, работами и услугами во многих странах, создания новых рабочих мест, повышения уровня конкурентоспособности и инноваций. В статье рассматриваются индикаторы  специализации ранних предпринимателей. В исследовании были использованы итоги  социологического опроса начинающих бизнесменов в возрасте от 18 до 64 лет. В 2018 году такое обследование включало данные по 48 странам. Тестировались и были подтверждены две гипотезы: конкретные показатели веса ранних предпринимателей, специализирующихся на определенных видах деятельности, существенно различаются по странам; в большинстве стран такие виды деятельности, как торговля и разнообразие услуг, преобладают на ранних стадиях предпринимательской деятельности. К результатам исследования, которые имеют оригинальность, относятся: определение сложившихся  уровней отраслевой специализации ранних предпринимателей; высокое качество разработанных математических моделей; доказано, что в большинстве стран преобладают ранние предприниматели, специализирующиеся на оптовой и розничной торговле; выявлены страны, с высокими и низкими уровнями рассматриваемых показателей

The main reasons for the exit of entrepreneurs from business

The purpose of the article is to study the reasons for the termination of entrepreneurial activity, as well as the accumulated experience of entrepreneurs leaving their business. Research on the principles and concepts of business termination became widespread in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century. At first, only Western European and American scientists were interested in this problem. Since 2005, the geography of researchers has expanded significantly. Our analysis is based on the consideration of monographs, articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, published working papers and research reports. The article presents the characteristics of the main reasons and ways of entrepreneurs out of business. Author proposes their classification and systematization. The results of the study can be used in scientific research of entrepreneurship. They can be used in the educational activities of higher educational institutions. The results are of interest to existing entrepreneurs, helping them to properly build business exit programs

Evaluation of indicators of entrepreneurial potential in 2018

Entrepreneurial potential of the population is largely determined by how adults evaluate their intentions in terms of creating their own business. The purpose of the study was to assess the existing indicators in 2018 that characterize the potential entrepreneurial activity of the population in different countries. The self-assessment of people on such factors as their ability and ability to create their own businesses, entrepreneurial purposes, fear of failure in this activity, as well as the presence of familiar entrepreneurs were considered as the estimated indicators. The study used information from the Global entrepreneurship monitor for 2018 for 48 countries. Three hypotheses were tested using mathematical models representing the density functions of the normal distribution. Five indicators of entrepreneurial potential were used to determine their average values for the countries under consideration. Countries with high and low values of indicators were identified. A comparative analysis of the entrepreneurial potential in Russia and foreign countries is carried out

Impact of the “core” incomes of the regional budgets on the resilience of social-economic subsystems

Objective: estimation of the risks of forming the budget incomes of the Russian subjects as a tool for determining the resilience of the regional subsystem.Methods: abstract-logical method, economic-mathematical analysis, coefficient analysis. Results: it was found that for less economically developed regions, the most stable income is gratuitous revenues. It is proved that in accordance with theoretical concepts, risks are determined by the income stability, while in fact, for regions with low and intermediate levels of economic development, the priority role is played by the possibilities of mobilization, which are most obvious for gratuitous revenues. Based on the calculation and evaluation of the income structure indicators, variations of budgets by income and growth rates of the key types of budget income, and using the Federal Treasury data on execution of budgets of the Volga Federal district subjects, it was found that the lowest level of variation is shown by the tax on physical persons incomes; to a lesser extent - the tax levied within the simplified system of taxation, and the tax on property of organizations.Scientific novelty: the authors formulated a hypothesis of a “core” of the subject’s budget revenues, formed with the revenues with a low probability of deviations and high stability, reflected in a single and consistent information base and reflecting the resilience of the region’s economy. It is found that the composition of the “core” income of such regions does not meet the criteria of economic feasibility in the interests of social development and should be altered.Practical significance: the study results can be used in the development of budget and tax policy areas that provide for the decentralization of budget system revenues and the introduction of risk management in the public administration sector

New Cases of Scalping from the Burial Grounds of the Pre-Caucasus and the North Caucasus in the Early Iron Age

Several skulls dated to the Early Iron Age discovered in various burial grounds located in the Prikuban and North Caucasus regions are examined in the article. All the skulls are dated to the early Iron Age. The skulls exhibit distinctive signs of scalping. Two of the skulls originate from the Meotian burial ground found in the Starokorsunsky hillfort No. 2, situated near Krasnodar and spanning from the 6th century BC to the 3rd century AD. One of the skulls was excavated from an ancient rural settlement dating to the 2nd centuries BC near the village of Starotitarovskaya in the Krasnodar region. Finally, the remaining skull was unearthed at the Gaston Uota site in Digor Gorge, North Ossetia. This site, concerning the Kobani culture, is dated between the 7th century BC and the 1st half of 4th century BC. The article presents four new instances of scalping originating from Southern Russia. All of the skulls belonged to adult males, and two of them exhibited injuries that appear to have occurred shortly before death. Among the skulls found at the Gaston-Uota burial ground and the settlement near Starotitarovskaya, scalping was executed in the conventional manner, entailing full-scale incisions over the entire hair-covered area. On the other hand, victims buried at the Starokorsunsky hillfort No. 2 displayed evidence of partial scalping, where only the top portion of the cranium vault was scalped, resulting in a limited area of scalp removal. This discrepancy in scalping techniques may reflect distinct cultural traditions associated with this ritualistic practice

Types of hemodynamic response to orthostasis according to continuous blood pressure monitoring: a case series of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

Heart failure (HF) is associated with unfavorable outcomes and high health care costs. Determination of the hemodynamic response to orthostasis can be an additional tool in assessing the stability and compensation of HF patients. Active orthostatic test (AOT) with blood pressure monitoring serves as a simple and available screening method. However, a complete characteristic of the hemodynamic response, especially during the first minute of orthostasis, can be obtained only with continuous blood pressure monitoring. The presented case series demonstrate the types of hemodynamic response in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction in AOT with continuous blood pressure monitoring, available data on the mechanisms of its development, clinical and prognostic role, and also presents the advantages and limitations of AOT

Experience in implementing a program for basic life support and available automated defibrillation in a cancer center

Unified approaches to ensuring the chain of survival can improve the patient’s prognosis both in out-of-hospital and in-hospital cardiac arrest.Aim. To discuss practical issues of introducing a program for the availability of automated external defibrillation in a cancer center.Material and methods. For four years, our healthcare facility has been implementing a training program for basic and advanced life support according to the European Resuscitation Council standards, combined with the creation and development of an infrastructure for the availability of automatic defibrillation. A roadmap and infrastructure were developed for the project implementation.Results. In 2018-2022, 229 employees (114 doctors, 85 nurses and 30 nonmedical workers) were trained under the basic life support program. Fifteen defibrillators were placed in various units. During the specified period, first aid in case of sudden cardiac arrest using an automated external defibrillator before the resuscitation team arrival was independently provided by doctors and nurses of departments three times. To implement training in the continuous education system, the curriculum has passed the examination and accreditation in the edu. rosminzdrav system.Conclusion. The development and implementation of such initiatives requires significant organizational and methodological work, including continuous education system. However, in our opinion, this is an extremely useful tool for improving the safety and quality of medical care

Frequency of hemodynamic response to orthostatic stress in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, associations with clinical blood pressure

Aim. To assess hemodynamic response to active standing test (AST) with beat-to-beat blood pressure (BP) monitoring, their association with office BP and symptoms of orthostatic intolerance in patients with heart failure (HF).Material and methods. Outpatient HF patients with documented  left ventricular ejection  fraction <40%, followed   up in a HF center  and receiving optimal medical therapy, underwent AST with beat-to-beat  non-invasive BP monitoring.Hemodynamic response was assessed according to the European Federation of Autonomic Societies criteria.Results. The study included 87 patients (mean age, 57±10 years; men, 76%). Normal hemodynamic response to orthostatic stress was observed  in 36 (41,4%) patients. Pathological response prevailed during the first minute of orthostatic stress — initial orthostatic hypotension (OH) (n=29, 33,3%) and delayed BP recovery (n=18, 20,7%).  Classical OH was detected  in 4 (4,6%)  patients. There was no orthostatic hypertension, defined as an increase in systolic BP (SBP) ≥20 mm Hg. According to office BP, hypotension was observed in 19 (21,8%) patients (SBP <90 mm Hg in 4 patients and 90-100 mm Hg in 15), hypertension (SBP >140 mm Hg) in 11 (12,6%) patients. Pathological response to orthostatic stress were more often observed  in office  SBP >140 mm Hg compared  to SBP ≤140 mmHg (90,9% and 53,9%, p=0,020).Orthostatic intolerance was noted in 43 (49,4%) patients and were not associated with the level of office SBP (p=0,398) or pathological responses to orthostatic stress (p=0,758 for initial OH and p=0,248  for delayed  BP recovery).Conclusion. The pathological hemodynamic response in AST with beat-to-beat BP monitoring in ambulatory patients with HF is most often represented  by initial OH and delayed BP recovery associated  with office SBP >140 mmHg. The frequency of symptoms of orthostatic intolerance did not differ between groups depending on the presence of an inadequate response to orthostatic stress

Benzene and toluene in the surface air of northern Eurasia from TROICA-12 campaign along the Trans-Siberian Railway

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured by proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) on a mobile laboratory in a transcontinental TROICA-12 (21 July–4 August 2008) campaign along the Trans-Siberian Railway from Moscow to Vladivostok. Surface concentrations of benzene (C6H6) and toluene (C7H8) along with non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), CO, O3, SO2, NO, NO2 and meteorology are analyzed in this study to identify the main sources of benzene and toluene along the Trans-Siberian Railway. The most measurements in the TROICA-12 campaign were conducted under low-wind/stagnant conditions in moderately ( ∼  78 % of measurements) to weakly polluted ( ∼  20 % of measurements) air directly affected by regional anthropogenic sources adjacent to the railway. Only 2 % of measurements were identified as characteristic of highly polluted urban atmosphere. Maximum values of benzene and toluene during the campaign reached 36.5 and 45.6 ppb, respectively, which is significantly less than their short-term exposure limits (94 and 159 ppb for benzene and toluene, respectively). About 90 % of benzene and 65 % of toluene content is attributed to motor vehicle transport and 10 and 20 %, respectively, provided by the other local- and regional-scale sources. The highest average concentrations of benzene and toluene are measured in the industrial regions of the European Russia (up to 0.3 and 0.4 ppb for benzene and toluene, respectively) and south Siberia (up to 0.2 and 0.4 ppb for benzene and toluene, respectively). Total contribution of benzene and toluene to photochemical ozone production along the Trans-Siberian Railway is about 16 % compared to the most abundant organic VOC – isoprene. This contribution, however, is found to be substantially higher (up to 60–70 %) in urbanized areas along the railway, suggesting an important role of anthropogenic pollutant sources in regional ozone photochemistry and air quality

Технологические решения очистки подземных вод от растворенных нефтепродуктов

The priority in the oil industry is to reduce the technogenic load on environmental components. Modern technologies allow minimizing the negative impact on water bodies, soils, vegetation, etc. However, the development of effective technical solutions aimed at purification of underground water from oil products is still in progress. There are mechanical, physical-chemical, and biological methods of oil pollution control. Each method has advantages and limitations and can be used in different situations. The technology of groundwater treatment based on biotechnological method and dosed oxygen supply is proposed. The recommended solution can be used as an independent environmental protection measure or in addition to existing ones.Приоритетом в нефтяной промышленности является снижение техногенной нагрузки на компоненты окружающей среды. Современные технологии позволяют минимизировать негативное воздействие на водные объекты, грунты, растительность и т.д. Однако разработка эффективных технических решений, направленных на очистку подземных вод от нефтепродуктов, продолжается. Существуют механические, физико-химические и биологические методы борьбы с нефтяным загрязнением. Каждый метод имеет преимущества и ограничения, может быть использован в разных ситуациях. Предложена технология очистки подземных вод на основе биотехнологического метода и дозированной подачи кислорода. Рекомендованное решение может быть использовано как самостоятельное природоохранное мероприятие, так и в дополнение к существующим