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    Π“Π ΠΠ€Π˜Π§Π•Π‘ΠšΠ˜Π™ ΠžΠ‘Π ΠΠ— Π’Π«Π‘ΠžΠšΠžΠšΠΠ§Π•Π‘Π’Π’Π•ΠΠΠ«Π₯ Π’Π˜Π

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    The objects of the research were samples of high quality wines of various types produced by the enterprises of the Krasnodar Territory, the Rostov Region and foreign producers of different grape varieties. The method of automatic titration of acids in wines was applied by coulometric generation of the base with the recording of the results of potentiometric indication on the computer. The influence of the grape variety and the duration of aging of table wine on the appearance of the titration curves was carried out using 77 technical grades and clones of grapes (44 red grapes and 33 white grapes) from the Anapsko-Tamanskaya zone of the Krasnodar Territory from 2001 to 2016. Grapes of the studied varieties were processed under the micro nodulation conditions according to two schemes. Dry table red wines were obtained by fermentation on the mash. Dry table white wines were produced using the high quality low-oxidized wines. The experimental studies confirming the individuality of the titration curves and the absorption spectra of wine samples for specific brands have been carried out. The principal possibility was shown of using the coordinates of the titration curve of a wine sample for establishing a relationship with the grape variety and the authenticity of the production of wines with the protected geographical indication and appellation of origin. To confirm the authenticity of the wine products, it was suggested to compare the data matrix with the coordinates describing the average titration curve of a specific wine product obtained by the manufacturer with a similar matrix obtained by the controlling party under the reproducibility conditions. When the appearance of the titration curves of red wines obtained from different grape varieties was identical, it was suggested to additionally apply a matrix of data describing the absorption spectrum in the visible region.Key words: organic acids, authenticity of wines, potentiometric titration curves, spectral characteristicsDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2018.22.3.003(Russian)O.N. Shelud`ko1,2, N.K. Strizhov2, T.I. Guguchkina1, T.V. Guzik2Β 1Northern-Caucasian Federal Scientific Center for Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking. Russian Federation, Β 350901, Krasnodar,40th Anniversary of the Victory st., 392Kuban State Technological University, Β Russian Federation, 350072, Krasnodar, Moscow st.,2ΠžΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ исслСдований Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†Ρ‹ высококачСствСнных Π²ΠΈΠ½ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ², Π²Ρ‹Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… прСдприятиями ΠšΡ€Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ€ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ края, Ростовской области ΠΈ Π·Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ производитСлями ΠΈΠ· Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… сортов Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π΄Π°. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ автоматичСского титрования кислот Π² Π²ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ… ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΌ кулономСтричСской Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ основания с записью Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² потСнциомСтричСской ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡŒΡŽΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π΅. ΠžΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΡƒ влияния сорта Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π΄Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ хранСния столового сухого Π²ΠΈΠ½Π° Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΠ΄ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… титрования ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° 77 тСхничСских сортах ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ… Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π΄Π° (44 красных ΠΈ 33 Π±Π΅Π»Ρ‹Ρ…), Ρ€Π°ΠΉΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π² Анапско-Ваманской Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠšΡ€Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ€ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠšΡ€Π°Ρ Π² ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ с 2001 ΠΏΠΎ 2016 Π³Π³. Π’ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π΄ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… сортов ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ€Π°Π±Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π² условиях микровинодСлия ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π²ΡƒΠΌ схСмам. Π‘Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ красныС сухиС Π²ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π»ΠΈ Π±Ρ€ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π·Π³Π΅. Π‘Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ Π±Π΅Π»Ρ‹Π΅ сухиС Π²ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ высококачСствСнных малоокислСнных Π²ΠΈΠ½. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ исслСдования, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ потСнциомСтричСского титрования ΠΈ спСктров поглощСния ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ± Π²ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ наимСнования. Показана ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡ€Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ титрования ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ Π²ΠΈΠ½Π° ΡƒΡΡ‚Π°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ связь с сортом Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π΄Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ производства Π²ΠΈΠ½ с Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‰Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ гСографичСскими ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ мСста происхоТдСния. Для подтвСрТдСния подлинности Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Ρƒ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… с ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡ€Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡ€Π΅Π΄Π½ΡŽΡŽ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΡƒΡŽ титрования ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ, с Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ стороной, Π² условиях воспроизводимости. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ близости Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… титрования ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ± Π²ΠΈΠ½, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ· красных сортов Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π΄Π°, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ»Π°Π³Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Ρƒ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ…, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… спСктр поглощСния Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ области.ΠšΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π²Ρ‹Π΅ слова: органичСскиС кислоты, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π²ΠΈΠ½, ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ потСнциомСтричСского титрования, ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ характСристикиDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2018.22.3.00

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    The objects of the research were samples of high quality wines of various types produced by the enterprises of the Krasnodar Territory, the Rostov Region and foreign producers of different grape varieties. The method of automatic titration of acids in wines was applied by coulometric generation of the base with the recording of the results of potentiometric indication on the computer. The influence of the grape variety and the duration of aging of table wine on the appearance of the titration curves was carried out using 77 technical grades and clones of grapes (44 red grapes and 33 white grapes) from the Anapsko-Tamanskaya zone of the Krasnodar Territory from 2001 to 2016. Grapes of the studied varieties were processed under the micro nodulation conditions according to two schemes. Dry table red wines were obtained by fermentation on the mash. Dry table white wines were produced using the high quality low-oxidized wines. The experimental studies confirming the individuality of the titration curves and the absorption spectra of wine samples for specific brands have been carried out. The principal possibility was shown of using the coordinates of the titration curve of a wine sample for establishing a relationship with the grape variety and the authenticity of the production of wines with the protected geographical indication and appellation of origin. To confirm the authenticity of the wine products, it was suggested to compare the data matrix with the coordinates describing the average titration curve of a specific wine product obtained by the manufacturer with a similar matrix obtained by the controlling party under the reproducibility conditions. When the appearance of the titration curves of red wines obtained from different grape varieties was identical, it was suggested to additionally apply a matrix of data describing the absorption spectrum in the visible region.ΠžΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ исслСдований Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†Ρ‹ высококачСствСнных Π²ΠΈΠ½ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ², Π²Ρ‹Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… прСдприятиями ΠšΡ€Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ€ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ края, Ростовской области ΠΈ Π·Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ производитСлями ΠΈΠ· Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… сортов Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π΄Π°. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ автоматичСского титрования кислот Π² Π²ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ… ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΌ кулономСтричСской Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ основания с записью Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² потСнциомСтричСской ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡŒΡŽΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π΅. ΠžΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΡƒ влияния сорта Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π΄Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ хранСния столового сухого Π²ΠΈΠ½Π° Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΠ΄ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… титрования ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° 77 тСхничСских сортах ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ… Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π΄Π° (44 красных ΠΈ 33 Π±Π΅Π»Ρ‹Ρ…), Ρ€Π°ΠΉΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π² Анапско-Ваманской Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠšΡ€Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ€ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠšΡ€Π°Ρ Π² ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ с 2001 ΠΏΠΎ 2016 Π³Π³. Π’ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π΄ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… сортов ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ€Π°Π±Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π² условиях микровинодСлия ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π²ΡƒΠΌ схСмам. Π‘Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ красныС сухиС Π²ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π»ΠΈ Π±Ρ€ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π·Π³Π΅. Π‘Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ Π±Π΅Π»Ρ‹Π΅ сухиС Π²ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ высококачСствСнных малоокислСнных Π²ΠΈΠ½. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ исслСдования, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ потСнциомСтричСского титрования ΠΈ спСктров поглощСния ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ± Π²ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ наимСнования. Показана ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡ€Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ титрования ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ Π²ΠΈΠ½Π° ΡƒΡΡ‚Π°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ связь с сортом Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π΄Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ производства Π²ΠΈΠ½ с Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‰Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ гСографичСскими ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ мСста происхоТдСния. Для подтвСрТдСния подлинности Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Ρƒ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… с ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡ€Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡ€Π΅Π΄Π½ΡŽΡŽ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΡƒΡŽ титрования ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ, с Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ стороной, Π² условиях воспроизводимости. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ близости Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… титрования ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ± Π²ΠΈΠ½, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ· красных сортов Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π΄Π°, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ»Π°Π³Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Ρƒ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ…, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… спСктр поглощСния Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ области

    Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of Grape Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) Gene Superfamily

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    The completion of the grape genome sequencing project has paved the way for novel gene discovery and functional analysis. Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) comprise a gene superfamily encoding NAD(P)(+)-dependent enzymes that catalyze the irreversible oxidation of a wide range of endogenous and exogenous aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes. Although ALDHs have been systematically investigated in several plant species including Arabidopsis and rice, our knowledge concerning the ALDH genes, their evolutionary relationship and expression patterns in grape has been limited.A total of 23 ALDH genes were identified in the grape genome and grouped into ten families according to the unified nomenclature system developed by the ALDH Gene Nomenclature Committee (AGNC). Members within the same grape ALDH families possess nearly identical exon-intron structures. Evolutionary analysis indicates that both segmental and tandem duplication events have contributed significantly to the expansion of grape ALDH genes. Phylogenetic analysis of ALDH protein sequences from seven plant species indicates that grape ALDHs are more closely related to those of Arabidopsis. In addition, synteny analysis between grape and Arabidopsis shows that homologs of a number of grape ALDHs are found in the corresponding syntenic blocks of Arabidopsis, suggesting that these genes arose before the speciation of the grape and Arabidopsis. Microarray gene expression analysis revealed large number of grape ALDH genes responsive to drought or salt stress. Furthermore, we found a number of ALDH genes showed significantly changed expressions in responses to infection with different pathogens and during grape berry development, suggesting novel roles of ALDH genes in plant-pathogen interactions and berry development.The genome-wide identification, evolutionary and expression analysis of grape ALDH genes should facilitate research in this gene family and provide new insights regarding their evolution history and functional roles in plant stress tolerance
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