14 research outputs found
Bipyridinium-bis(carboxylate) Radical Based Materials: X-ray, EPR and Paramagnetic Solid-State NMR Investigations
The zwitterionic 1,1′-bis(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4′-bipyridinium (bp4pc) has been synthesized and crystals of its hydrated form bp4pc·2H2O and of its protonated reduced form H-bp4pc have been obtained. Upon heating, bp4pc·2H2O undergoes partial dehydration, leading to bp4pc·H2O at 160 °C, together with a color change from yellow (room temperature) to green (140 °C) and finally to brown (160–180 °C). Analysis of bond lengths in the solid state reveals the expected short (d = 1.425 Å) and long (d = 1.485 Å) C–C central bond lengths in the all-radical salt H-bp4pc and bp4pc·2H2O, respectively, whereas the distance of 1.475 Å in bp4pc·H2O does not allow a conclusion to be drawn regarding the presence of radicals in this compound. EPR and solid-state paramagnetic NMR experiments of H-bp4pc and the hydrated zwitterion bp4pc·2H2O at different temperatures, however, show that the color change of the latter upon heating is due to the presence of bipyridinium radicals, the concentration of which, although low, increases with increasing temperature. The nature of the electron donor involved in this thermal-induced electron transfer is not fully understood. Most plausible is the possibility that it is the carboxylate group with an intramolecular electron-transfer process; on the other hand it, cannot be excluded that the electron stems from the water molecule, which decomposes into O2, H+, and e– giving H-bp4pc entities
Prospects and Challenges of Web 3.0 Technologies Application in the Provision of Library Services
The chapter examines the prospects and challenges of the application of Web 3.0 technologies as they relate to semantic web, federated search, mobile application, and their impact on library services. The principles, features, application, potentiality, and challenges of the technologies vis-Ă -vis library services form the broad objectives that guided the chapter. Following a brief retrospective review of the developments of web technologies, the chapter discusses Web 3.0 from the context of semantic web, cloud computing, federated search and virtual reference services. It broadens the prospects of Web 3.0 as it affects the provision of web-based services like its flexibility as solution to digital content volatility and ability to widen cloud-based services using open source electronic library software among others. Having expatiated the challenges Web 3.0 portends for web-based library services, the chapter concludes with the need for librarians and users to co-create value for participatory librarianship
Prospects and Challenges of Web 3.0 Technologies Application in the Provision of Library Services
The chapter examines the prospects and challenges of the application of Web 3.0 technologies as they relate to
semantic web, federated search, mobile application, and their impact on library services. The principles, features,
application, potentiality, and challenges of the technologies vis-Ă -vis library services form the broad objectives that
guided the chapter. Following a brief retrospective review of the developments of web technologies, the chapter
discusses Web 3.0 from the context of semantic web, cloud computing, federated search and virtual reference
services. It broadens the prospects of Web 3.0 as it affects the provision of web-based services like its flexibility as
solution to digital content volatility and ability to widen cloud-based services using open source electronic library
software among others. Having expatiated the challenges Web 3.0 portends for web-based library services, the
chapter concludes with the need for librarians and users to co-create value for participatory librarianship
Polymer Nanocomposites for Advanced Automobile Applications
The automotive industry is one major sector that consume material such as plastic at the advanced technological
level. Hence, automotive plastics are now gaining attention due to the desire for light weight and low CO2 emission
from vehicles. It is therefore anticipated that polymer nanocomposites will significantly enhance the performance of
current technologies for car industries due to their excellent mechanical, chemical, thermal, electrical and barrier
properties and their influence on fire retardancy. Hence, with the use of polymer nanocomposites, the encouraging
outcomes in different sectors of automotive industry has resulted to new horizons in terms of advanced polymer
nanocomposites for automobile applications. This chapter reviews advance polymer composites for automobile
applications. Methods of fabricating polymer nanocomposites and several applications of polymer nanocomposites in
automotive industries are discussed