Psychiatric coercion and violence: ethical, legal and preventive aspects

The objective of this review was to provide an analysis of the ethical, legal, and preventive aspects of coercion and violenc

Coercion, violation of privacy and everyday difficulties as the cause of patient refusal treatment in psychiatric hospitals in Russia

Treatment in a psychiatric hospital is accompanied by a restriction of independence, violation of privacy, coercion, which causes displeasure of patients. The aim of the study was to verify the scale of everyday problems, violations of privacy and coercion in a psychiatric hospital to develop recommendations for the organization of a therapeutic environment. The study included 191 patients in a psychiatric hospital. Anonymous questionnaire was used. Statistical processing of the database was carried out by nonparametric method

Prevalence and dynamics of depression and anxiety in local and foreign medical students for a 6-year training period

The academic load in medical institutes is 2 times higher than in other universities, and the training itself is emotionally stressful, which affects the students' health. A continuous sample of 1045 medical students from 1 to 6 year of education was examine

Prevalence and dynamics of depression and anxiety in local and foreign medical students for a 6-year training period

The academic load in medical institutes is 2 times higher than in other universities, and the training itself is emotionally stressful, which affects the students’ health. A continuous sample of 1045 medical students from 1 to 6 year of education was examined: 724 local (Russian) and 321 foreign students (India). Depression was more common among Russian (28.7%) than foreign students (17.8%

Molecular Genetic Analysis of the Complete Genome of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus (Siberia Subtype): Modern Kolarovo-2008 Isolate

Determined is the complete genome sequence of Kolarovo-2008 strain (Siberia subtype) of Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), isolated from a tick in the suburbs of the Tomsk city. Nucleotide sequence analysis testifies of the fact that the level of genetic differences within the Siberian subtype of TBEV amounts to 10 % of the nucleotide sequence and to 7 % of amino-acid sequence for certain virus genes. 3'-HTO of the genome of Siberian subtype has the highest rate of variability and the homology level ranging from 65 to 97 %. Kolarovo-2008 and Vasilchenko (isolated in Novosibirsk in 1969) strains have the highest level of genome homology. The level of dissimilarity between the two Tomsk strains is substantially higher: the total number of amino-acid substitutions in Tomsk Zausaev and Kolarovo-2008 strains equals to 124, and 3'HTO level of homology is 79 %. Identified genetic variability of the Siberian subtype of TBEV is of a great importance for further development and enhancement of tick-borne encephalitis virus diagnostics

Detection of tick-borne pathogens in wild birds and their ticks in Western Siberia and high level of their mismatch

Abstract: The Tomsk region located in the south of Western Siberia is one of the most high-risk areas for tick-borne diseases due to elevated incidence of tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme disease in humans. Wild birds may be considered as one of the reservoirs for tick-borne pathogens and hosts for infected ticks. A high mobility of wild birds leads to unpredictable possibilities for the dissemination of tick-borne pathogens into new geographical regions. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in wild birds and ticks that feed on them as well as to determine the role of different species of birds in maintaining the tickborne infectious foci. We analysed the samples of 443 wild birds (60 species) and 378 ticks belonging to the genus Ixodes Latraille, 1795 collected from the wild birds, for detecting occurrence of eight tick-borne pathogens, the namely tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), West Nile virus (WNV), and species of Borrelia, Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Bartonella and Babesia Starcovici, 1893, using RT-PCR/or PCR and enzyme immunoassay. One or more tick-borne infection markers were detected in 43 species of birds. All markers were detected in samples collected from fieldfare Turdus pilaris Linnaeus, Blyth’s reed warbler Acrocephalus dumetorum Blyth, common redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus (Linnaeus), and common chaffinch Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus. Although all pathogens have been identified in birds and ticks, we found that in the majority of cases (75.5%), there were mismatches of pathogens in birds and ticks collected from them. Wild birds and their ticks may play an extremely important role in the dissemination of tick-borne pathogens into different geographical regions

Cholera Forecast for the Year 2019 Based on Assessment of Epidemiological Situation Around the World, Across CIS and Russia in 2009–2018

Analysis of cholera incidence for the period of 2009–2018 was performed. The upward tendency in the morbidity rate dynamics around the world (compared to 2009) with an average annual growth rate of 5,352 % was revealed. For the first time during the 7th pandemic caused by V. cholerae O1 El Tor, WHO reported 1227391 cases of cholera world-wide in 2017, out of which 1032481 (84.1%) were registered in Yemen, where the war continues and one of the largest epidemics in the world. There have been cross-border epidemiological complications in several African countries. Endemic foci continue to exist and spread in Asia, Africa and the Caribbean. Under the epidemiological surveillance in Russia, 744 strains of V. cholerae El Tor – ctxA– tcpA–, ctxA– tcpA+ and V. cholerae О139 ctxA– and tcpA– were isolated from the surface water bodies, as well as single strains of El Tor ctxA+ tcpA+. As a result of INDEL- and  PCR-genotyping, the isolation of strains with identical genotypes and new ones was established. To make the prognosis for 2019, the risk of activation (continuation) of the cholera epidemic process in the world was assessed, taking into account emergencies of different origin and risk factors. The cholera forecast at the global level and in  Russia for 2019 is unfavorable

ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ СОЗДАНИЯ ИМПЛАНТАТОВ С ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧЕСКОЙ КОМПОЗИЦИЕЙ ЦИПРОФЛОКСАЦИНА И ИХ АНТИМИКРОБНАЯ АКТИВНОСТЬ В ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАХ IN VITRO

The article is devoted to the investigation of the possibility of immobilized on the surface of the titanium implantable devices (model plates, “U-shaped” brackets) antimicrobial substances.Material and methods. The object of research were modeling titanium plates and titanium “U-shaped” brackets for implantation. Ciprofloxacin, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and methylcellulose has been proposed as materials for the creation of antimicrobial pharmaceutical composition to immobilization. The antimicrobial properties of titanium implantable “U-shaped” brackets with ciprofloxacin was evaluated for potential antimicrobial activity against medically important bacterial (S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, E. faecalis and S. pyogenes) using method of diffusion in agar. Results. The results showed the possibility of putting and holding а ciprofloxacin in grooves on the modified surface of titanium implants. In the course of the study was developed a pharmaceutical composition, comprising ciprofloxacin and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. The results showed high antimicrobial activity of pharmaceutical composition with ciprofloxacin against the test organisms (S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, E. faecalis and S. pyogenes).С целью снижения риска развития инфекционных осложнений в постимплантационный период и повышения эффективности хирургического лечения изучали возможность иммобилизации на поверхность титановых имплантируемых устройств (модельные пластинки, «п-образные» скобки) лекарственного вещества антимикробного действия. Материал и методы. Объектом исследований являлись модельные титановые пластинки и титановые «п-образные» скобки для инструмента сшивающего «ГЕРА-10» (ООО «НПО ТМИ», Томск) с модифицированной методом лазерной абляции поверхностью. В качестве действующего вещества разрабатываемой фармацевтической композиции использован ципрофлоксацин, в качестве вспомогательных компонентов – растворы метилцеллюлозы и гидроксипропилметилцеллюлозы. Антимикробную активность имплантируемых объектов с фармацевтической композицией определяли методом диффузии в агар на плотной питательной среде путем изучения размеров зон угнетения роста тест-штаммов микроорганизмов (S. aureus, P. аeruginosa, E. coli , E. faecalis и S. pyogenes). Результаты. В результате исследований показана возможность нанесения и удержания лекарственного вещества в пазах на модифицированной поверхности титановых имплантатов. Предложены фармацевтические композиции ципрофлоксацина с использованием в качестве связывающего и матрицеобразующего компонента гидроксипропилметилцеллюлозы. Установлено отсутствие зависимости между структурой поверхности рабочих элементов модельных пластинок со способностью связывания и удержания фармацевтической композиции на имплантатах. Выявлено, что кратность нанесения фармацевтической композиции непосредственно влияет на количественное содержание лекарственного вещества, а также на закрепление композиции на поверхности имплантата. Наиболее оптимально одноили двукратное нанесение в зависимости от требуемой дозы лекарственного вещества. В экспериментах in vitro выявлена выраженная антимикробная активность «п-образных» скобок с ципрофлоксацином в отношении S. aureus, P. аeruginosa, E. coli, E. faecalis и S. pyogenes, что свидетельствует о целесообразности использования скобок с иммобилизованным на их поверхности антимикробным веществом с целью снижения вероятности развития имплантат-ассоциированной инфекции в постоперационный период.

Cholera: Trends in the Development of the Epidemic Process in 2021, Forecast for 2022

The aim of the work was to summarize the results of cholera monitoring in 2021, to assess current trends in the development of the epidemic process, and to predict the epidemiological situation in the Russian Federation for 2022. It was established that within the period of 2012–2021, 4117264 cases of cholera with the spread of infection across 83 countries on all continents were registered in the world and there was a downward trend in the incidence in Asia and Africa. The dynamics of monthly morbidity in 2021 was associated with emergencies as factors of epidemiological risk. Epidemics and outbreaks of cholera were documented against the background of COVID-19 pandemic and laid a double burden on healthcare systems. At the same time, based on the overview of the results of cholera monitoring in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, it was shown that the forecast of epidemic well-being given for 2021 was fully justified. It has been determined that the increase in the number of non-toxigenic strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 (67) isolated from water bodies compared to 2020 (25) is mainly due to the appurtenance of a number of isolates to clonal complexes. The study of phylogenetic relation has demonstrated that the detection of strains with genotypes which were previously identified in the isolates evidences the persistence potential. The identification of strains with new genotypes, which were earlier established in the strains circulating in other territories, pointed at the possibility of the occasional importations. The forecast of the epidemiological situation on cholera in Russia for 2022 is associated with the continuous existence of risks of introduction. If these epidemiological risks are not realized, a favorable epidemiological situation is predicted regarding this infection in the country. It is expected that the detection of epidemiologically insignificant strains of V. cholerae O1 in environmental water bodies, along with their clones and/or clonal complexes, will remain, including strains that may be an etiological factor in sporadic cases or outbreaks of disease