Influence of different growing conditions on production, milk composition and body condition score for Alpina goat breed

This paper presents the results of testing the impact of different farming systems on milk production, milk composition (milk fat, protein and dry matter without fat) and body condition score of Alpine breed goats in different growing systems during one production year. Control of the amount and chemical composition of milk included a total of 59 French Alpine goats at the age of 2-3 years (2-3 lactations), which are divided into two groups with approximate similar body weight. In the first group of goats a stable diet was applied. Goats had a sufficient amount of alfalfa hay available (ad libitum) and the addition of about 0.5 kg of concentrate that is administered twice a day. Goats in the second group in addition to 0.5 kg of alfalfa hay, received 0.25 kg of concentrate and in the period from April to October during the day stayed at the outlet and the surrounding pasture. Control of body weight of goats and body condition were performed once every two months from March to October, while the rate of body condition (BCS) was given score of 1-5. Somatic cell count and chemical quality of milk were controlled on a daily basis in the laboratory for raw milk AD Mlekara - Subotica on the device CombiFoss 6200 FC. Both groups of goats had a statistically significant increase in production of milk (about 45 l) and the average daily milk yield (of about 0.15 l) in the second compared with the third lactation (p <0.01). It was also determined statistically significant effect of lactation on content of protein, dry matter without fat (DMwF) and the number of somatic cells in milk in both groups of goats. Body condition score of the analyzed groups of goats varied over time, and statistically significant differences were found in July (p = 0.021) and September (p = 0.013), where goats from the second group that remained at the pasture in the examined period had higher scores for BCS compared with the first group

Varijabilnost i povezanost osnovnih parametara kvaliteta sirovog kravljeg mleka

In this paper the results of the analysis of the milk somatic cell count are presented, as well as correlation between the somatic cell count and content of certain chemical parameters in milk (milk proteins, fat, lactose and dry matter without fat) determined in collective samples of milk obtained from cows reared in intensive rearing system, during two production years. The research was carried out by control of collective milk samples from cows reared on family holdings. Somatic cell count, as well as the chemical quality of milk, were controlled daily in the laboratory for raw milk in dairy plant AD 'Mlekara' - Subotica using the apparatus CombiFoss 6200 FC. In this investigation, statistically significant correlation (P lt 0,001) between all observed milk parameters was determined. Positive, weak and statistically highly significant correlation between the content of milk fat and proteins in milk and somatic cell count was established. It was also established that the variability of chemical parameters of milk and somatic cell count is also under the influence of different factors, such as: month of control, year of the research and farm.U radu prikazani su godišnji rezultati ispitivanja broja somatskih ćelija u mleku, mlečne masti, proteina, laktoze i suve materije bez masti, u zbirnim uzorcima mleka krava u intenzivnoj proizvodnji u toku dve proizvodne godine. Ispitivanja su izvršena kontrolom zbirnih uzoraka mleka od približno 3000 krava sa porodičnih farmi. Prosečni broj somatskih ćelija je bio 462x103 u 1 ml zbirnog mleka (uz variranje od 410,43 do 536,06 x 103 u 1 ml), prosečni sadržaj proteina je bio 3,21%, mlečne masti 3,76%, laktoze 4,54% i suve materije bez masti 8,46%. Utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike u broju somatskih ćelija utvrđenih na zbirnom uzorku mleka u odnosu na mesec kontrole. U ovom radu je utvrđena pozitivna i statistički signifikantna korelacija (P lt 0,001) između sadržaja mlečne masti i proteina u mleku i broja somatskih ćelija, i negativna i statistički signifikantna (P lt 0,001) korelacija između broja somatskih ćelija i sadržaja laktoze i suve materije bez masti u zbirnom uzorku mleka. Utvrđivanje odn. merenj broja somatskih ćelija u zbrinom mleku je ključni faktor u oceni kvaliteta mleka zapata, i koristi se i u određivanju cene otkupljenog mleka, i ukazuje na zdravlje vimena mlečnih grla u zapatu i omogućava farmi da prati uspeh programa za kotnrolu mastitisa u zapatu

Još o toksičnosti kadmija - s posebnim osvrtom na nastanak oksidacijskoga stresa i na interakcije s cinkom i magnezijem

Discovered in late 1817, cadmium is currently one of the most important occupational and environmental pollutants. It is associated with renal, neurological, skeletal and other toxic effects, including reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. There is still much to find out about its mechanisms of action, biomarkers of critical effects, and ways to reduce health risks. At present, there is no clinically efficient agent to treat cadmium poisoning due to predominantly intracellular location of cadmium ions. This article gives a brief review of cadmium-induced oxidative stress and its interactions with essential elements zinc and magnesium as relevant mechanisms of cadmium toxicity. It draws on available literature data and our own results, which indicate that dietary supplementation of either essential element has beneficial effect under condition of cadmium exposure. We have also tackled the reasons why magnesium addition prevails over zinc and discussed the protective role of magnesium during cadmium exposure. These findings could help to solve the problem of prophylaxis and therapy of increased cadmium body burden.Iako je otkriven tek 1817. godine, kadmij je trenutačno jedan od najvažnijih onečišćivača životne i radne sredine. Štetno djeluje na bubrege, živčani sustav, kosti, reproduktivni sistem, a ima i genotoksične i karcinogene efekte. Nužna su dalja istraživanja vezana za mehanizme njegove toksičnosti, biomarkere efekata, kao i načine smanjenja rizika za zdravlje. Osim toga, do danas nije otkriven agens efikasan u terapiji trovanja kadmijem s obzirom na to da je kadmij intracelularni kation. U ovom radu dan je sažet pregled važnih mehanizama toksičnosti kadmija, kao što su nastanak oksidativnog stresa i interakcije s esencijalnim elementima, cinkom i magnezijem, na osnovi dostupnih literaturnih podataka, kao i naših ispitivanja koja upućuju na to da povećani unos navedenih esencijalnih elemenata pokazuje pozitivne efekte pri ekspoziciji kadmiju. Obrazložena je prednost suplementacije magnezijem pred suplementacijom cinkom i razmatrana preventivna uloga magnezija pri intoksikaciji kadmijem. Ovi su rezultati doprinos rješavanju problema profi lakse i terapije trovanja kadmijem

Publisher: Institute for Animal Husbandry, Belgrade-Zemun UDC 636.39 AUTOCHTHONOUS BALKAN GOAT BREED – COMPOSITION AND TRAITS OF KID CARCASS

Abstract: Investigations were realized within the program of protection of genetic resources of autochthonous goat breeds – Balkan goat breed. Trial was carried out on farms of individual producers, breeders on the territory of Svrljig region, on 12 male kids of average age of 63 days and average body mass prior to slaughtering of 10,54 kg. Objective of the research was to determine the meat yield (dressing percentage), share of by products of in body mass prior to slaughtering and in processed carcass, commercial value of carcass (by evaluation of conformation, covering of carcass and kidneys with fat tissue, colour of meat and tallow) and share of main carcass parts. Results of the research indicated that kids of Balkan goat breed at stated age have average body mass of 10,54 kg and yield of warm carcass with head and giblets of 58,89%, which is high value and is within the limits for yield realized by kids of approximate age of pure goat breeds. Shares of slaughter by products (rumen, small intestines, skin, abomasus), giblets (liver, lungs, heart, spleen, kidneys), fat tissue (peritoneum, kidney, mesentherium) and head in cooled carcass are also within the limits realized by kids of pure goat breeds. Commercial value of carcass, established based on assessment of conformation (scored as good), covering of carcass and kidneys with fat tissue (scored as medium), colour of meat and tallow (scored as very good) is good and within the values realized by kids of pure goat breeds. Quality of carcass evaluated based on share of main carcass parts of category I (thigh, loin part) of 33,41%

INFLUENCE OF LACTATION ORDER AND LIVE WEIGHT ON MILK YIELD AND FERTILITY TRAITS IN DOMESTIC BALKAN GOAT

Abstract: The goal of investigation in the domestic Balkan goat was to establish the effect of body weight and lactation number on milk yield and fertility. Research was done in herds belonging to private farmers, during a one-year period, on a total of 578 goats. Investigated herds were monitored also by lactation number,i.e. kidding number (lactations 1,2 and 3 individually, lactation 4 and following lactations investigated together). Body weight and milk yield were measured, while fertility was determined as the number of live born kids per 100 goats.Goats were also sorted into groups by age and body weight, while the interval within groups and between groups was 5 kg. Average total milk yield in the investigated population of the domestic Balkan goat was 177.5 kg. A statististically significant difference (P&lt;0,01) was established for milk yield depending on body weight and age, except for goats in lactation 1 (P&lt;0,05). In lactation 3 and 4, goats with body weights over 45 kg, comprising 30.23 % of the total number in these groups, had the highest milk yields (over 200 kg). Pertaining to lactation number, i.e. kidding number, as well as body weight in both years of investigation, lowest fertility was found in lactations 1 and 2 (112%), and in goats with lowest body weight (25-30 kg), while this considerably increased lactation 4 and later lactations (136%), and body weights of over 40 kg (140%). Key words: domestic Balkan goat, body weight, milkiness, fertilit

Publisher: Institute for Animal Husbandry, Belgrade-Zemun UDC 636.082.1 EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PARAGENETIC FACTORS ON BIRTH MASS VARIABILITY OF MIS SHEEP POPULATIONS

Original scientific paper Abstract: The aim of the study was to determine effect of environmental and paragenetic factors on body mass of lambs at birth. Investigation was realised on experimental sheep farm of Institute for Animal Husbandry, Belgrade-Zemun. Animal included in this research were representatives of Mis sheep population. The results of the research confirm that values of the birth mass range from 4.43 kg to 4,58 kg observed by years and 4.48 kg to 4.55 kg depending on the lambing season. Statistical analysis showed that the existing differences still significant on the level (P &lt;0.05). Variations of body mass in lambs depending on the mother&apos;s age range in the interval from 4.29 kg to 4.52 kg kg and statistically very significant(P&lt;0.01). Type of birth has also expressed a significant effect on the body mass of lambs at birth and variations range from 4.31 kg (twins) to 4.59 kg (single). Existing differences was statistically very significant (P&lt;0.01). Average body mass in lambs depending on sex of lamb were almost the same, 4.54 kg male and 4.52 kg female, and the difference is not statistically significant (P&gt; 0.05). Key words: lamb, season, birth mass, environmental and paragenetic factor

Publisher: Institute for Animal Husbandry, Belgrade-Zemun UDC 636.39 SLAUGHTER RESULTS FOR KIDS OF THE DOMESTIC BALKAN GOAT **

Abstract: The paper presents the investigation of slaugher results, i.e. meat production results, in 96 kids of the domestic Balkan goat (4 herds, 24 animals per herd, 50:50 sex ratio), slaughtered at 90 days of age to determine the differences between the herds investigated and sexes (male kids vs. female ones), pertaining to the quantitative characteristics of meat. The average warm carcass dressing percentage including the head and offal for kids from all the herds investigated was 58.19%. The differences established for dressing percentage, warm, cold, and cold with and without head and offal, between the herds investigated and sexes were not statistically significant (P&gt;0,05). Established differences between linear measurements for kid carcass halves, were statistically significant (P&lt;0,01) between herds, whereas pertaining to the sex of kids, they were significant on both levels((P&lt;0,01and P&lt;0,05). Key words: domestic Balkan goat, kids, sex of kids, slaughter result