Real-Time DSP-Free 100Gbit/s/λ PAM-4 Fiber Access Link using EML and Direct Detection

A 100 Gbit/s/ λ PAM-4 fiber link with an optical budget of 30 dB and 20 km fiber reach is achieved in real time experiments. This is compliant with class A (20 dB) point to point (PtP) applications as mobile fronthaul for example, and with class N1 (29 dB) point to multipoint (PtMP) for residential market. We used an integrated externally modulated laser, an analog pre-equalizer, an optical booster amplifier and/or non-filtered preamplifier and direct detection without any digital signal processing (whether real-time or offline)

Searching for a Common Ancestry: Linguistic and Biological Analogies in Comic Art

Sometimes comic book readers randomly encounter images in a comic that closely resemble images in other comics. This artwork could appear to the reader to have been copied, even directly 'lifted' from older or better-known comics. Sometimes, however, it does seem like any similarities have been generated independently, by chance or serendipity. In this note we draw on the work of Umberto Eco, William Lethaby, Walter Benjamin and Carl Jung to describe a multidisciplinary conceptual framework to analyse similar images using a heuristic approach involving two analogy concepts drawn from two different disciplines: linguistics and biology. When the origin of similarity between images is well documented, we propose the linguistic analogy approach can explain the phenomenon of recurrent images. When the similarity between two images appears to be unexplainable, or the result of mere chance, we propose that the concept of biological analogy can be helpful to explain the superficial resemblance of elements that have different origins

Intra-Cavity Chromatic Dispersion Impacts on 10-Gb/s Optical OFDM Transmissions Over 25-km Dual-RSOA-Based Self-Seeded PON Systems Intra-Cavity Chromatic Dispersion Impacts on 10-Gb/s Optical OFDM Transmissions Over 25-km Dual-RSOA-Based Self-Seeded PON S

Abstract: Owing to the lack of strong physical mechanisms capable of elaborately balancing a large number of longitudinal modes created in a self-seeded passive optical network (PON), the resulting coherent-like optical signals are vulnerable to frequencydependent optical phenomena such as chromatic dispersion (CD). In this paper, based on our recently reported real-time dual-reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA)-based self-seeded adaptive optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OOFDM) transmitters, detailed experimental explorations are undertaken, for the first time, of the impacts of intra-cavity CD on 10-Gb/s OOFDM transmissions over 25-km self-seeded PON systems. The cavity length-dependent intra-cavity CD effect is identified to be one of the most prominent physical mechanisms determining the practically achievable performance of such PON systems. In comparison with a 10-m-long dual-RSOA self-seeded fiber cavity, the accumulated intra-cavity CD effect associated with a 1-km-long dual-RSOA self-seeded fiber cavity not only considerably broadens the optical spectral width of the self-seeding-created coherent-like optical signal but increases the signal relative intensity noise (RIN) by 4.8 dB (at a 2-GHz signal spectral region) as well. In addition, a further 1.1-dB signal RIN growth is also measured after the 25-km single-mode fiber (SMF) PON system transmissions. As a direct result, the dual-RSOA self-seeded PON with a 1-km-long fiber cavity suffers from a 2.2-dB power penalty degradation for 10 Gb/s over 25-km SMF intensity modulation and direct detection OOFDM transmissions

Intra-Cavity Dispersion-Induced Performance Degradations of Dual-RSOA-Based Self-Seeded PON Systems

Experiments show that, compared to 10m-long dual-RSOA self-seeded cavities, 1km-long cavity�s chromatic dispersions considerably broaden signal spectral widths, increase RINs by 4.8dB, and cause 2.2dB power penalty degradations for 10Gb/s@25km adaptive OOFDM self-seeded PON systems

Reaction of a Polyphosphino Ruthenium(II) Acetate Complex with Grignard Reagents: Halogenation, Alkylation and β-Elimination

(PMe3)4Ru(H)OAc has been prepared from (PPh3)3Ru(H)OAc via phosphine exchange followed by solvent partitioning between acetonitrile and pentane. Complexes of the type (PMe3)4Ru(H)R (R = Et, nPr, nBu, iBu, H) have been synthesized through reaction with the corresponding Grignard reagents, RMgCl, and were found to be moderately stable provided the alkyl group is primary. Treatment with bulkier alkylmagnesium chlorides led instead to the dihydrido complex (PMe3)4RuH2. In some cases, the reaction was complicated by transfer of halide from the Grignard reagent to form, for example, (PMe3)4Ru(H)Cl