Effectiveness Trichoderma and Beauveria bassiana on Larvae of Oryctes rhinoceros On Palm Oil Plant (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.) In Vitro

O. rhinoceros horn beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is the main pest attacking oil palm crops in Indonesia, especially in palm oil rejuvenation areas. The study was conducted from April to August 2016 in the laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Medan. The materials used in this research are horn beetle pest larvae (O. rhinoceros) originating from PT. Socfin Indonesia, Trichoderma sp fungi originating from the Food Crops and Horticultural Fields of Medan and the B. bassiana fungi are derived from the Plant Seed Plant Protection Center (PBPPTP), aqua pro injection, Tween 80, rice and 96% alcohol. This research uses Completely Randomized Design (RAL) Non Factorial consisting of 13 treatments. The result of mortality of O. rhinoceros larvae on 1-14 DAA observation can be seen in appendix 2-43. Based on fingerprint analysis showed that the application of Trichoderma sp and B. basianna fungi on O. rhinoceros larvae had no significant effect on observation of 1 DAA to 9 DAA, but had a very significant effect on observation of 10 DAA to 14 DAA. The results of germination of Trichoderma sp and B. basianna fungus 4 hours after incubation period can be seen in appendix 61-66. Precentages mortality of the highest larvae of O. rhinoceros to Trichoderma sp fungus with a dose of 20 gr (96.67%) with the application method spread on the larvae. The highest amount of conidial density is found in Trichoderma sp fungi with doses of 60 g x 100-1 ml of aqua pro injection of 7.25 x 106 conidia/ml.Germination level of conidia mushroom highest in Trichoderma sp fungi with dose 60 gr x 100-1 ml aqua pro injection that is as much as 91%

Genetic influences on spatial ability: Transmission in an extended kindred

Transmission of six spatial tests, Card Rotations, Cube Comparisons, Group Embedded Figures, Hidden Patterns, Mental Rotations, and portable Rod and Frame, is examined among 73 members in four generations of an extended kindred. Nonadditive genetic variance is substantial for one of the six tests, Card Rotations. Whether this nonadditive genetic variance is due to a major autosomal gene is equivocal based on results from segregation and linkage analysis. There is no evidence for genetic variance for Mental Rotations or Hidden Patterns, in contrast to previous findings suggesting major gene involvement (Ashton et al. , 1979). If spatial ability is due, in part, to an autosomal major gene, the gene has variable expression (reflected in different tests) or genetic heterogeneity is pronounced.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/44106/1/10519_2005_Article_BF01065907.pd

Aboriginal Health Worker perceptions of oral health: a qualitative study in Perth, Western Australia

Background: Improving oral health for Aboriginal Australians has been slow. Despite dental disease being largely preventable, Aboriginal Australians have worse periodontal disease, more decayed teeth and untreated dental caries than other Australians. Reasons for this are complex and risk factors include broader social and historic determinants such as marginalisation and discrimination that impact on Aboriginal people making optimum choices about oral health. This paper presents findings from a qualitative study conducted in the Perth metropolitan area investigating Aboriginal Health Workers’ (AHWs) perceptions of barriers and enablers to oral health for Aboriginal people. Methods: Following extensive consultation with Aboriginal stakeholders, researchers conducted semi-structured interviews and focus groups across 13 sites to investigate AHWs’ perceptions of barriers and enablers to oral health based on professional and personal experience. Responses from 35 AHWs were analysed independently by two researchers to identify themes that they compared, discussed, revised and organised under key themes. These were summarised and interrogated for similarities and differences with evidence in the literature. Results: Key findings indicated that broader structural and social factors informed oral health choices. Perceptions of barriers included cost of services and healthy diets on limited budgets, attending services for pain not prevention, insufficient education about oral health and preventing disease, public dental services not meeting demand, and blame and discrimination from some health providers. Suggested improvements included oral health education, delivering flexible services respectful of Aboriginal people, oral health services for 0–4 year olds and role modelling of oral health across generations. Conclusion: Reviewing current models of oral health education and service delivery is needed to reduce oral health disparities between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians. Shifting the discourse from blaming Aboriginal people for their poor oral health to addressing structural factors impacting on optimum oral health choices is important. This includes Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal stakeholders working together to develop and implement policies and practices that are respectful, well-resourced and improve oral health outcomes