General Authorisations as a Tool to Promote Water Allocation Reform in South Africa

South Africa faces significant inequities in access to and use of water for productive purposes. The National Water Act seeks to address these inequities and introduced a public rights system where water is owned by the people of South Africa and held in custody by the state. This public trust doctrine forms the basis for the State to give effect to its constitutional obligation for redress. Compulsory licensing is a mechanism to proactively reallocate water on a catchment basis to achieve redress, while at the same time promoting economic efficiency and ecological sustainability. During compulsory licensing, all users are required to reapply for their water use entitlement, and a process is followed to allow for a fairer allocation of water between competing users and sectors. Some concerns have been raised that equity may not be achieved through compulsory licensing as historically disadvantaged individuals may not have the capacity to partake in the process. Similarly, the administrative burden of processing large numbers of licences from small scale users may cripple licensing authorities. Moreover, the compulsory licensing process, while encouraging Historically Disadvantaged Individuals (HDIs) to apply, may have little impact on poverty if the poorest are not able to participate in the process. General authorisations are proposed as a way of addressing these concerns by setting water aside for specific categories of users. This paper introduces the concept of general authorisations in support of compulsory licensing and outlines some of the implementation challenges

Characterization of quasiparticle states at and beyond stability in ytterbium isotopes: Spectroscopy of

Excited states in 175Yb, 176Yb and 177Yb were populated via the bombardment of a 176Yb target with a 750 MeV 136Xe beam. Gamma-ray decays from these states were measured with the AFRODITE multi-detector spectrometer. The rotational band previously assigned to the ground state of 177Yb has been reassigned to the first-excited state of 175Yb. A new rotational band based on the ground state of 177Yb is presented, and the band based on the K π = 4- two-quasiparticle state in 176Yb has been identified. Also a candidate for the rotational band based on the K π = 8-, T 1/2 = 11.4(3) s two-quasiparticle state in 176Yb has been found. Comparisons of gK values derived from in-band branching ratios are consistent with the ν9/2+[624] assignment to the ground state of 177Yb, the ν2{9/2+[624] ⊗ 1/2-[510]} assignment to the K π = 4- state and with the ν2{9/2+[624] ⊗ 7/2-[514]} assignment to the K π = 8- metastable excited state in 176Yb

Rotational structures in 196Hg

CITATION: Lawrie, J. J., et al. 2019. Rotational structures in 196Hg. Physical Review C, 100(6):064321, doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.100.064321.The original publication is available at https://journals.aps.org/prcHigh spin states in ¹⁹⁶Hg were populated in the ¹⁹⁸Pt(α,6n) reaction at 65 MeV and γ−γ coincidence measurements were performed using the AFRODITE array at iThemba LABS. The level scheme was extended and new rotational bands were observed. A new dipole band was found. The previously reported dipole band was linked to other known states. Excitation energies, spins, and parities of all bands were determined. The bands were assigned nucleon configurations based on cranked shell model calculations.https://journals.aps.org/prc/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevC.100.064321Publisher's versio

New nanosecond isomers identified with the AFRODITE array

The Recoil Shadow Anisotropy Method for measuring nanosecond lifetimes is being implemented on the AFRODITE array and four new isomers were found in 198,200Bi, 164Ta and 162Lu

Shears band with a large dynamic moment of inertia in

High-spin states in 197Bi were studied with the AFRODITE γ-ray array at iThemba LABS using the 181Ta( 22Ne, 6n) reaction at a beam energy of 125 MeV. A new shears band was found and linked to the low-lying states in 197Bi. Its dynamic moment of inertia, $\Im^{{(2)}}_{}$, is considerably larger than the $\Im^{{(2)}}_{}$ of the shears bands in the neighbouring Pb isotopes. This is probably a result of the involvement of an additional high-K h 9/2 proton orbital