Fishers (Paraty, RJ) and fish manipulation time: a variable associated to the choice for consumption and sale

973975Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Uso público em áreas protegidas estaduais em Santa Catarina, Brasil: o olhar dos gestores e contribuições para o manejo

Managers of protected natural areas must worry with many tasks linked to use: recreation, scientific researches and ecosystem services. However are they able to see the relationship between use and conservation? And what is their knowledge level about this topic? Considering these issues, our objective with this research was to analyze the Conservation Units of Integral Protection managed by the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, manager's perception when it comes to use of conservation of these areas. Thus, we choose to use online forms to discover the opinion of ten protected area's managers from the Santa Catarina state (representing 100% of the state's protected areas with full protection managed at state level). All of the managers agreed that the different kinds of use have great importance towards conserving their areas and they understand what each type of use means, and their role to the parks and reserves, but they also agree that more ty towards the topic is necessary. This is important for helping them decide what the best alternatives for managing are. For example, increasing visitation or implementing payments for ecosystem services provided. We discuss how this method can be replicated in other protected areas, complementary to other pre-existing diagnostic tools. Los gestores de áreas naturales protegidas deben preocuparse por muchas tareas vinculadas al uso público: recreación, investigaciones científicas y servicios ecossistêmicos. Sin embargo, ¿pueden ver la relación entre uso público y conservación? ¿Y cuál es su nivel de conocimiento sobre este tema? Considerando estos temas, nuestro objetivo con esta investigación fue analizar la percepción de los gestores y gestoras de las Unidades de Conservación de Protección Integral administradas por el gobierno del estado de Santa Catarina - Brasil, cuanto al uso público versus la conservación de estas áreas. Así, optamos por utilizar formularios online para conocer la opinión de diez administradores(as) de áreas protegidas del estado de Santa Catarina (que representan el 100% de las áreas protegidas del estado con protección total gestionadas a nivel estatal). Todos los gestores y gestoras coincidieron en que los diferentes usos públicos tienen una gran importancia para la conservación de sus áreas y entienden lo que significa cada tipo de uso público y su papel para los parques y reservas, pero también coinciden en que se requiere más dad hacia el tema. Esto es importante para ayudarlos a decidir cuáles son las mejores alternativas de manejo. Por ejemplo, aumentar las visitas o implementar pagos por los servicios ambientales proporcionados. Por último, los formularios online se pueden utilizar en otras investigaciones sobre áreas protegidas, complementario a otras herramientas de diagnóstico existentes. Gestores de áreas protegidas devem preocupar-se com as várias atividades ligadas ao uso público: visitação, pesquisas científicas e provisão de serviços ecossistêmicos. Porém, tais gestores seriam capazes de perceber as relações entre uso público e conservação? E qual é o nível de conhecimento que esses gestores têm sobre o assunto? Considerando essas questões, este estudo objetiva analisar a percepção dos gestores e gestoras das unidades de conservação (UCs) de proteção integral geridas pelo governo do estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, quanto à relação entre o uso público e a conservação dessas áreas. Para tanto, utilizamos formulários online para descobrir a opinião de dez gestores de áreas protegidas estaduais (representando 100% das áreas protegidas de proteção integral administradas em nível estadual). Todos os participantes concordaram que os diferentes tipos de uso público têm grande importância para a conservação dessas áreas e entendem o que cada tipo de uso público significa e sua importância para parques e reservas; mas, também concordam ser necessária uma maior dade sobre o assunto. Isso é fundamental para ajudá-los a decidir sobre as melhores alternativas para o manejo, por exemplo: aumentar a visitação ou cobrar por serviços ecossistêmicos prestados. Por fim, formulários online podem ser utilizados em outras pesquisas sobre áreas protegidas, em complementaridade com outras ferramentas de diagnóstico já existentes.Â

The ethnoecology of Caiçara metapopulations (Atlantic Forest, Brazil): ecological concepts and questions

The Atlantic Forest is represented on the coast of Brazil by approximately 7,5% of remnants, much of these concentrated on the country's SE coast. Within these southeastern remnants, we still find the coastal Caiçaras who descend from Native Indians and Portuguese Colonizers. The maintenance of such populations, and their existence in spite of the deforestation that occurred on the Atlantic Forest coast, deserves especial attention and analysis. In this study, I address, in particular, the Caiçaras who live on the coast of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro States, illustrating with examples of coastal inhabitants from other areas, such as Bahia State (NE coast) and of other forested areas (riverine caboclos of the Amazon). The major focus of this study, based on previous research, performed since 1986 in several populations or villages of the Atlantic Forest coast, is to understand the resilience of the Caiçaras, which is analyzed using ecological concepts, such as metapopulation, resilience and adaptive cycles. The Caiçara populations are located on islands (Búzios, Comprida, Grande, Ilhabela, Jaguanum, Gipóia) and on the coast (Bertioga, Puruba, Picinguaba, among others). Information gathered about the Caiçaras regarding the economic cycles of the local regions, along with ecological, historical and economic data available, are used to understand such resilience, and are complemented with comparative examples from the Brazilian Amazon and with variables such as the local restrictions imposed by environmental governmental agencies

Energy- and flux-budget (EFB) turbulence closure model for the stably stratified flows. Part I: Steady-state, homogeneous regimes

We propose a new turbulence closure model based on the budget equations for the key second moments: turbulent kinetic and potential energies: TKE and TPE (comprising the turbulent total energy: TTE = TKE + TPE) and vertical turbulent fluxes of momentum and buoyancy (proportional to potential temperature). Besides the concept of TTE, we take into account the non-gradient correction to the traditional buoyancy flux formulation. The proposed model grants the existence of turbulence at any gradient Richardson number, Ri. Instead of its critical value separating - as usually assumed - the turbulent and the laminar regimes, it reveals a transition interval, 0.1< Ri <1, which separates two regimes of essentially different nature but both turbulent: strong turbulence at Ri<<1; and weak turbulence, capable of transporting momentum but much less efficient in transporting heat, at Ri>1. Predictions from this model are consistent with available data from atmospheric and lab experiments, direct numerical simulation (DNS) and large-eddy simulation (LES).Comment: 40 pages, 6 figures, Boundary-layer Meteorology, resubmitted, revised versio

Mulheres e a gestão de unidades de conservação

Gender equity is a central factor in achieving sustainable development. Entertaining women continue to be a minority in the areas of environmental management. Given this situation, it is proposed to discuss the current scenario of insertion of women in areas of Conservation Units in Brazil. To this end, 140 interviews were carried out through an online questionnaire, aimed at the managers of the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation. In which there were questions about gender relations in the workplace and their possible implications for professional and personal life and for biodiversity conservation. Among those interviewed, 77% mentioned having already suffered some type of discrimination related to gender during their work, and the most experienced situation is Mansplaining. The lack of access and space for women to act in the management of conservation units generates gender asymmetries. These asymmetries can generate direct and negative impacts on biodiversity conservation. These results indicate that progress must still be made in the inclusion of women, in order to have more effective conservation results.La equidad de género es un factor central para lograr el desarrollo sostenible. Las mujeres entretenidas siguen siendo una minoría en las áreas de gestión ambiental. Ante esta situación, se propone discutir el escenario actual de inserción de mujeres en áreas de Unidades de Conservación en Brasil. Para ello, se realizaron 140 entrevistas a través de un cuestionario en línea, dirigido a los directivos del Instituto Chico Mendes para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad. En el que se cuestionaron las relaciones de género en el ámbito laboral y sus posibles implicaciones para la vida profesional y personal y para la conservación de la biodiversidad. Entre los entrevistados, el 77% mencionó haber sufrido ya algún tipo de discriminación relacionada con el género durante su trabajo, y la situación más vivida es el Mansplaining. La falta de acceso y espacio para que las mujeres actúen en la gestión de las unidades de conservación genera asimetrías de género. Estas asimetrías pueden generar impactos directos y negativos en la conservación de la biodiversidad. Estos resultados indican que aún se debe avanzar en la inclusión de las mujeres, para tener resultados de conservación más efectivos.A equidade de gênero é um fator central para alcançarmos o desenvolvimento sustentável. Entretanto as mulheres continuam sendo minoria nas áreas de gestão ambiental. Diante dessa situação, propõe-se discutir como está o cenário atual de inserção das mulheres nas áreas de unidades de conservação no Brasil. Para isso, foram realizadas 140 entrevistas através de questionário online, direcionado às gestoras do Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade. No questionário havia perguntas sobre as relações de gênero no ambiente de trabalho e as suas possíveis implicações na vida profissional, pessoal e para a conservação da biodiversidade. Entre as entrevistadas, 77% citaram já terem sofrido algum tipo de discriminação relacionada ao gênero durante o seu trabalho, e a situação mais vivenciada é a de Mansplaining. A falta de acesso e de espaço para a atuação das mulheres na gestão de unidades de conservação gera assimetrias de gênero. Tais assimetrias podem gerar impactos diretos e negativos na conservação da biodiversidade. Esses resultados indicam que ainda se deve avançar na inserção das mulheres, para termos resultados mais efetivos de conservação. Â

An Electrode Array for Limiting Blood Loss During Liver Resection: Optimization via Mathematical Modeling

Liver resection is the current standard treatment for patients with both primary and metastatic liver cancer. The principal causes of morbidity and mortality after liver resection are related to blood loss (typically between 0.5 and 1 L), especially in cases where transfusion is required. Blood transfusions have been correlated with decreased long-term survival, increased risk of perioperative mortality and complications. The goal of this study was to evaluate different designs of a radiofrequency (RF) electrode array for use during liver resection. The purpose of this electrode array is to coagulate a slice of tissue including large vessels before resecting along that plane, thereby significantly reducing blood loss. Finite Element Method models were created to evaluate monopolar and bipolar power application, needle and blade shaped electrodes, as well as different electrode distances. Electric current density, temperature distribution, and coagulation zone sizes were measured. The best performance was achieved with a design of blade shaped electrodes (5 × 0.1 mm cross section) spaced 1.5 cm apart. The electrodes have power applied in bipolar mode to two adjacent electrodes, then switched sequentially in short intervals between electrode pairs to rapidly heat the tissue slice. This device produces a ~1.5 cm wide coagulation zone, with temperatures over 97 ºC throughout the tissue slice within 3 min, and may facilitate coagulation of large vessels