4,637 research outputs found
On some non-conformal fractals
This paper presents a simple method of calculating the Hausdorff dimension
for a class of non-conformal fractals
The surface adhesion parameter: a measure for wafer bondability
A theory is presented which describes the initial direct wafer bonding process. The effect of surface microroughness on the bondability is studied on the basis of the theory of contact and adhesion of elastic solids. An effective bonding energy, the maximum of which is the specific surface energy of adhesion, is proposed to describe the real binding energy of the bonding interface including the influence of the wafer surface microroughness. Both the effective bonding energy and the real area of contact between rough surfaces depend on a dimensionless surface adhesion parameter, &thetas;. Using the adhesion parameter as a measure, three kinds of wafer contact interfaces can be identified with respect to their bondability; viz. the non-bonding regime (&thetas;>≈12), the bonding regime (&thetas;<≈1), and the adherence regime (1<&thetas;<12). Experimental data are in agreement with this theor
A Variational Framework for the Simultaneous Segmentation and Object Behavior Classification of Image Sequences
In this paper, we advance the state of the art in variational image segmentation through the fusion of bottom-up segmentation and top-down classification of object behavior over an image sequence. Such an approach is beneficial for both tasks and is carried out through a joint optimization, which enables the two tasks to cooperate, such that knowledge relevant to each can aid in the resolution of the other, thereby enhancing the final result. In particular, classification offers dynamic probabilistic priors to guide segmentation, while segmentation supplies its results to classification, ensuring that they are consistent with prior knowledge. The prior models are learned from training data and updated dynamically, based on segmentations of earlier images in the sequence. We demonstrate the potential of our approach in a hand gesture recognition application, where the combined use of segmentation and classification improves robustness in the presence of occlusion and background complexity
Scattering by a contact potential in three and lower dimensions
We consider the scattering of nonrelativistic particles in three dimensions
by a contact potential which is defined
as the limit of . It is
surprising that it gives a nonvanishing cross section when and
. When the contact potential is approached by a spherical square
well potential instead of the above spherical shell one, one obtains basically
the same result except that the parameter that gives a nonvanishing
cross section is different. Similar problems in two and one dimensions are
studied and results of the same nature are obtained.Comment: REVTeX, 9 pages, no figur
Resonances in Ferromagnetic Gratings Detected by Microwave Photoconductivity
We investigate the impact of microwave excited spin excitations on the DC
charge transport in a ferromagnetic (FM) grating. We observe both resonant and
nonresonant microwave photoresistance. Resonant features are identified as the
ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) and ferromagnetic antiresonance (FMAR). A
macroscopic model based on Maxwell and Landau-Lifschitz equations reveals the
macroscopic nature of the FMAR. The experimental approach and results provide
new insight in the interplay between photonic, spintronic, and charge effects
in FM microstructures.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
A novel minimal in vitro system for analyzing HIV-1 Gag mediated budding
A biomimetic minimalist model membrane was used to study the mechanism and
kinetics of cell-free in vitro HIV-1 Gag budding from a giant unilamellar
vesicle (GUV). Real time interaction of Gag, RNA and lipid leading to the
formation of mini-vesicles was measured using confocal microscopy. Gag forms
resolution limited punctae on the GUV lipid membrane. Introduction of the Gag
and urea to a GUV solution containing RNA led to the budding of mini-vesicles
on the inside surface of the GUV. The GUV diameter showed a linear decrease in
time due to bud formation. Both bud formation and decrease in GUV size were
proportional to Gag concentration. In the absence of RNA, addition of urea to
GUVs incubated with Gag also resulted in subvesicle formation but exterior to
the surface. These observations suggest the possibility that clustering of GAG
proteins leads to membrane invagination even in the absence of host cell
proteins. The method presented here is promising, and allows for systematic
study of the dynamics of assembly of immature HIV and help classify the
hierarchy of factors that impact the Gag protein initiated assembly of
retroviruses such as HIV.Comment: 27 pages, 9 Figures and 0 Table
Quantized spin excitations in a ferromagnetic microstrip from microwave photovoltage measurements
Quantized spin excitations in a single ferromagnetic microstrip have been
measured using the microwave photovoltage technique. Several kinds of spin wave
modes due to different contributions of the dipole-dipole and the exchange
interactions are observed. Among them are a series of distinct dipole-exchange
spin wave modes, which allow us to determine precisely the subtle spin boundary
condition. A comprehensive picture for quantized spin excitations in a
ferromagnet with finite size is thereby established. The dispersions of the
quantized spin wave modes have two different branches separated by the
saturation magnetization.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
Energetics of oxygen-octahedra rotations in perovskite oxides from first principles
We use first-principles methods to study oxygen-octahedra rotations in ABO3
perovskite oxides. We focus on the short-period, perfectly antiphase or
in-phase, tilt patterns that characterize most compounds and control their
physical (e.g., conductive, magnetic) properties. Based on an analytical form
of the relevant potential energy surface, we discuss the conditions for the
stability of polymorphs presenting different tilt patterns, and obtain
numerical results for a collection of thirty-five representative materials. Our
results reveal the mechanisms responsible for the frequent occurrence of a
particular structure that combines antiphase and in-phase rotations, i.e., the
orthorhombic Pbnm phase displayed by about half of all perovskite oxides and by
many non-oxidic perovskites. The Pbnm phase benefits from the simultaneous
occurrence of antiphase and in-phase tilt patterns that compete with each
other, but not as strongly as to be mutually exclusive. We also find that
secondary antipolar modes, involving the A cations, contribute to weaken the
competition between different tilts and play a key role in their coexistence.
Our results thus confirm and better explain previous observations for
particular compounds. Interestingly, we also find that strain effects, which
are known to be a major factor governing phase competition in related (e.g.,
ferroelectric) perovskite oxides, play no essential role as regards the
relative stability of different rotational polymorphs. Further, we discuss why
the Pbnm structure stops being the ground state in two opposite limits, for
large and small A cations, showing that very different effects become relevant
in each case. Our work thus provides a comprehensive discussion on these
all-important and abundant materials, which will be useful to better understand
existing compounds as well as to identify new strategies for materials
engineering
Cyclotron resonance photoconductivity of a two-dimensional electron gas in HgTe quantum wells
Far-infrared cyclotron resonance photoconductivity (CRP) is investigated in
HgTe quantum wells (QWs) of various widths grown on (013) oriented GaAs
substrates. It is shown that CRP is caused by the heating of two-dimensional
electron gas (2DEG). From the resonance magnetic field strength effective
masses and their dependence on the carrier concentration is obtained. We found
that the effective mass in each sample slightly increases from the value
(0.0260 \pm 0.0005)m_0 at N_s = 2.2x10^11 cm^(-2) to (0.0335 \pm 0.0005)m_0 at
N_s = 9.6x10^11 cm^(-2). Compared to determination of effective masses by the
temperature dependence of magnitudes of the Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH)
oscillations used so far in this material our measurements demonstrate that the
CRP provides a more accurate (about few percents) tool. Combining optical
methods with transport measurements we found that the transport time
substantially exceeds the cyclotron resonance lifetime as well as the quantum
lifetime which is the shortest.Comment: 3 pages, 2 figure
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