573 research outputs found
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Circles of support and accountability (CoSA): a review of the development of CoSA and its international implementation
Circles of Support and Accountability (CoSA) was initially developed in Canada as a community-based program designed to assist in the community reintegration of individuals who are deemed a high or very high risk of sexual recidivism. This article outlines the historical foundations and frameworks of the CoSA model and examines the recruitment and training of CoSA volunteers. It reviews the impact that CoSA has on recidivism, as well as the psychosocial implications of the model on the former offenders participating in CoSA (the βCore Membersβ), volunteers, and the community at large. International implementation of CoSA is addressed by a review of project initiatives undertaken around the world. This article concludes by addressing the future directions of CoSA, both within Canada and internationally
Recommended from our members
Primary and secondary prevention of child sexual abuse
The high prevalence rates and numerous consequences associated with child sexual abuse makes preventing these offences a societal priority. Prevention strategies have traditionally involved only tertiary interventions, implemented by the criminal justice system after an offence has occurred. More recently, some have argued for a public health approach to preventing child sexual abuse, which includes interventions at the primary and secondary levels. Secondary prevention aims to provide treatment and support to those at-risk of sexually offending before any involvement with the legal system. Increased demand for secondary prevention services and early results from current initiatives demonstrate that at-risk individuals are willing to seek treatment without external pressure from the legal system, and often report numerous treatment-related benefits. These findings support the need for wide-spread implementation of primary and secondary prevention initiatives. The safety of children requires that we, as a society, stop merely reacting to sexual offences, and instead begin implementing proactive evidence-based strategies that can prevent even initial incidents of child sexual abuse. This article explores some of the many benefits and barriers associated with primary and secondary prevention, as well as strategies for overcoming these barriers. Recommendations for the development and implementation of prevention initiatives are also included
ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ»Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ
Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π° Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ»Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ Π²Π°Π½Π½Ρ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π° Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ. Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎ 1850 ΠΠΆ, ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π° Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΡ
Π²Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡ. ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π° Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠ° ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π° ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ·Π°ΠΌΠΈ.Some features of inducing pulsed magnetic fields for acting on metal solidification during magnetically-controlled electroslag melting are considered. Methods of intensification of electromagnetic impact on metallurgical bath are proposed, which are based on application of energy of capacitive storage electric discharges to external magnetic circuit. Experimental system has been developed, including a power source for generation of electric discharges with up to 1850 J energy, and a magnetic circuit in the form of a solenoid with disc windings enclosing the mould. Characteristics of electric discharges at different number of magnetic circuit turns have been studied. The paper shows the rationality of an integrated approach to electromagnetic impact intensification through optimization of parameters of both the discharge source and the respective magnetic circuits. Experimental investigations of the influence of pulsed magnetic fields on metal melting and solidification modes during melting of titanium alloy ingots have been performed. Ability to control discrete heat input during melting, as well as ingot metal solidification at sufficient discharge energy and optimum number of magnetic circuit turns, is demonstrated. To improve ingot surface quality, it is proposed to apply the impact in the form of series of pulses alternating with pauses
A Minimal Model of Signaling Network Elucidates Cell-to-Cell Stochastic Variability in Apoptosis
Signaling networks are designed to sense an environmental stimulus and adapt
to it. We propose and study a minimal model of signaling network that can sense
and respond to external stimuli of varying strength in an adaptive manner. The
structure of this minimal network is derived based on some simple assumptions
on its differential response to external stimuli. We employ stochastic
differential equations and probability distributions obtained from stochastic
simulations to characterize differential signaling response in our minimal
network model. We show that the proposed minimal signaling network displays two
distinct types of response as the strength of the stimulus is decreased. The
signaling network has a deterministic part that undergoes rapid activation by a
strong stimulus in which case cell-to-cell fluctuations can be ignored. As the
strength of the stimulus decreases, the stochastic part of the network begins
dominating the signaling response where slow activation is observed with
characteristic large cell-to-cell stochastic variability. Interestingly, this
proposed stochastic signaling network can capture some of the essential
signaling behaviors of a complex apoptotic cell death signaling network that
has been studied through experiments and large-scale computer simulations. Thus
we claim that the proposed signaling network is an appropriate minimal model of
apoptosis signaling. Elucidating the fundamental design principles of complex
cellular signaling pathways such as apoptosis signaling remains a challenging
task. We demonstrate how our proposed minimal model can help elucidate the
effect of a specific apoptotic inhibitor Bcl-2 on apoptotic signaling in a
cell-type independent manner. We also discuss the implications of our study in
elucidating the adaptive strategy of cell death signaling pathways.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figure
Radically Rethinking Agriculture for the 21st Century
Population growth, arable land and fresh water limits, and climate change have profound implications for the ability of agriculture to meet this centuryβs demands for food, feed, fiber, and fuel while reducing the environmental impact of their production. Success depends on the acceptance and use of contemporary molecular techniques, as well as the increasing development of farming systems that use saline water and integrate nutrient flows
Safe uses of Hill's model: an exact comparison with the Adair-Klotz model
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The Hill function and the related Hill model are used frequently to study processes in the living cell. There are very few studies investigating the situations in which the model can be safely used. For example, it has been shown, at the mean field level, that the dose response curve obtained from a Hill model agrees well with the dose response curves obtained from a more complicated Adair-Klotz model, provided that the parameters of the Adair-Klotz model describe strongly cooperative binding. However, it has not been established whether such findings can be extended to other properties and non-mean field (stochastic) versions of the same, or other, models.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In this work a rather generic quantitative framework for approaching such a problem is suggested. The main idea is to focus on comparing the particle number distribution functions for Hill's and Adair-Klotz's models instead of investigating a particular property (e.g. the dose response curve). The approach is valid for any model that can be mathematically related to the Hill model. The Adair-Klotz model is used to illustrate the technique. One main and two auxiliary similarity measures were introduced to compare the distributions in a quantitative way. Both time dependent and the equilibrium properties of the similarity measures were studied.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>A strongly cooperative Adair-Klotz model can be replaced by a suitable Hill model in such a way that any property computed from the two models, even the one describing stochastic features, is approximately the same. The quantitative analysis showed that boundaries of the regions in the parameter space where the models behave in the same way exhibit a rather rich structure.</p
Different Localization Patterns of Anthocyanin Species in the Pericarp of Black Rice Revealed by Imaging Mass Spectrometry
Black rice (Oryza sativa L. Japonica) contains high levels of anthocyanins in the pericarp and is considered an effective health-promoting food. Several studies have identified the molecular species of anthocyanins in black rice, but information about the localization of each anthocyanin species is limited because methodologies for investigating the localization such as determining specific antibodies to anthocyanin, have not yet been developed Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) is a suitable tool for investigating the localization of metabolites. In this study, we identified 7 species of anthocyanin monoglycosides and 2 species of anthocyanin diglycosides in crude extracts from black rice by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) analysis. We also analyzed black rice sections by MALDI-IMS and found 2 additional species of anthocyanin pentosides and revealed different localization patterns of anthocyanin species composed of different sugar moieties. Anthocyanin species composed of a pentose moiety (cyanidin-3-O-pentoside and petunidin-3-O-pentoside) were localized in the entire pericarp, whereas anthocyanin species composed of a hexose moiety (cyanidin-3-O-hexoside and peonidin-3-O-hexoside) were focally localized in the dorsal pericarp. These results indicate that anthocyanin species composed of different sugar moieties exhibit different localization patterns in the pericarp of black rice. This is the first detailed investigation into the localization of molecular species of anthocyanins by MALDI-IMS
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