Strawberries for Ice Cream Manufacture

The increasing demand for food products flavored with true fruits and fruit juices is of special interest to the ice cream manufacturer. Many cold packed fruits are available on the market although in numerous cases fruits are sold as cold packed which are actually preserved by the addition of various preservatives such as sodium benzoate

Gaia Data Release 1: Pre-processing and source list creation

Context. The first data release from the Gaia mission contains accurate positions and magnitudes for more than a billion sources, and proper motions and parallaxes for the majority of the 2.5 million HIPPARCOS and Tycho-2 stars. Aims. We describe three essential elements of the initial data treatment leading to this catalogue: the image analysis, the construction of a source list, and the near real-time monitoring of the payload health. We also discuss some weak points that set limitations for the attainable precision at the present stage of the mission. Methods. Image parameters for point sources are derived from one-dimensional scans, using a maximum likelihood method, under the assumption of a line spread function constant in time, and a complete modelling of bias and background. These conditions are, however, not completely fulfilled. The Gaia source list is built starting from a large ground-based catalogue, but even so a significant number of new entries have been added, and a large number have been removed. The autonomous onboard star image detection will pick up many spurious images, especially around bright sources, and such unwanted detections must be identified. Another key step of the source list creation consists in arranging the more than 10^(10) individual detections in spatially isolated groups that can be analysed individually. Results. Complete software systems have been built for the Gaia initial data treatment, that manage approximately 50 million focal plane transits daily, giving transit times and fluxes for 500 million individual CCD images to the astrometric and photometric processing chains. The software also carries out a successful and detailed daily monitoring of Gaia health

Temperature dependent spatial oscillations in the correlations of the XXZ spin chain

We study the correlation $$ for the XXZ chain in the massless attractive (ferromagnetic) region at positive temperatures by means of a numerical study of the quantum transfer matrix. We find that there is a range of temperature where the behavior of the correlation for large separations is oscillatory with an incommensurate period which depends on temperature.Comment: 4 pages, REVTEX, 6 table

Observations on the counting of bacteria in ice cream by the plate method

The development of official or standard methods for various types of laboratory examinations represents a distinct advance from the standpoint of the usefulness of the results obtained. The standard methods for the bacteriological analysis of milk have made it possible to compare, on a satisfactory basis, the results secured in different laboratories and, undoubtedly, have been a factor in extending the use of bacterial counts for the control of milk supplies. The procedure at present required by Standard Methods of Milk Analysis1 for the macroscopic colony count on milk has been developed over a period of years. It is generally recognized that there are other media and incubation conditions which would give higher counts but none of these is at present standard because of the desire to employ a procedure which is easily carried out and comparatively inexpensive

The quality of butter made from Vacuum-pasteurized and Vat-pasteurized lots of the same creams

During the past few years a large amount of butter manufactured in the Middle West has been criticised for weedy flavors. This increase in weedy flavors unquestionably has resulted from a number of successive dry years. Some of the most common weed defects in this section are wild onion (Allium cernuum) , ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) and dog fennel (Anthemis cotula L.). The defects resulting from skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus (L.)), french weed (Thalaspi arvense L.) and peppergrass (Lepidium verginicum L.) (2) are apparently less common. Feed flavors are more important than weed flavors in this section. It has been recognized for some time that silage and alfalfa hay, when fed to dairy herds in fairly large quantities, cause definite milk flavors that are apparent in the butter. Changes in feeding procedures designed to lower fat production costs have, in many cases, increased the problems of the buttermaker. Sweet clover, rye pasture, wheat pasture, soybean hay and cane silage, flavor milk to such an extent that they affect the quality of the resulting butter

The influence of the type of butter culture and its method of use on the flavor and keeping quality of salted butter

The search for methods of buttermaking that would yield a uniform product of good keeping quality led to the introduction of cream pasteurization and the ripening of the treated cream with selected cultures of bacteria. At about the time this procedure was developed, evidence began to accumulate which indicated that salted butter made from sweet cream deteriorated less on holding than salted butter made from ripened cream and, eventually, the influence of acid on certain types of chemical deterioration in butter was definitely established. The conflict between a high acidity in the cream and good keeping quality in the resulting butter has necessitated drastic changes in the methods of using butter culture in the manufacture of salted butter. Over the years, in an attempt to avoid certain types of deterioration in the butter, there has been a gradual lowering of the cream acidity at churning. Most butter plants in the United States now use a relatively low acidity in the cream. The general procedure is to hold the mixture of cream and butter culture at a low temperature in order to avoid significant increases in acidity

Depleted Galaxy Cores and Dynamical Black Hole Masses

Shallow cores in bright, massive galaxies are commonly thought to be the result of scouring of stars by mergers of binary supermassive black holes. Past investigations have suggested correlations between the central black hole mass and the stellar light or mass deficit in the core, using proxy measurements of $M_{\rm BH}$ or stellar mass-to-light ratios ($\Upsilon$). Drawing on a wealth of dynamical models which provide both $M_{\rm BH}$ and $\Upsilon$, we identify cores in 23 galaxies, of which 20 have direct, reliable measurements of $M_{\rm BH}$ and dynamical stellar mass-to-light ratios ($\Upsilon_{\star,{\rm dyn}}$). These cores are identified and measured using Core-S\'ersic model fits to surface brightness profiles which extend out to large radii (typically more than the effective radius of the galaxy); for approximately one fourth of the galaxies, the best fit includes an outer (\sersic) envelope component. We find that the core radius is most strongly correlated with the black hole mass and that it correlates better with total galaxy luminosity than it does with velocity dispersion. The strong core-size-- $M_{\rm BH}$ correlation enables estimation of black hole masses (in core galaxies) with an accuracy comparable to the $M_{\rm BH}$--$\sigma$ relation (rms scatter of 0.30 dex in $\log M_{\rm BH}$), without the need for spectroscopy. The light and mass deficits correlate more strongly with galaxy velocity dispersion than they do with black hole mass. Stellar mass deficits span a range of 0.2--39 \mbh, with almost all (87%) being $< 10 \, M_{\rm BH}$; the median value is 2.2 $M_{\rm BH}$.Comment: Proof-corrected version, AJ, 146, 160, http://stacks.iop.org/1538-3881/146/16