Tsar and his people: power and society in Moscow state during the second half of the 16th century

The article raises the issue about the nature of the relationship between the supreme power and society of the early Russian state. The authors of the article show that this unwritten contract, which was well understood by both parties, who participated in it, functioned well in Russia during the 16th - 17th centuries, and its existence refutes convincingly the Herberstein's passage, who failed to understand the Russian political realities of the early Modern Ag

Single-photon emission tomography of the lungs in the diagnosis of coagulopathyin patients in the postcovid period

Introduction. Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 leads to damage and dysfunction of the microvasculature of the lungs. The development of vasculitis, an increase in the permeability of the vessel wall, changes in the vascular-platelet and coagulation hemostasis, lead to the development of thrombosis / thromboembolism and hemorrhages. Single-photon emission tomography of the lungs is optimal for assessing changes in microcirculation in the lungs of patients with COVID-19 infection, since CT angiography can detect these formidable complications only in the large vessels of the lungs.Оbjective оf the work. To assess changes in the microvasculature of the lungs in patients with the development of postcovid syndrome and to assess the possibilities of single photon emission computed tomography in the diagnosis of thromboembolism, thrombosis and hemorrhages.Material and methods. The data of radiological studies performed in 138 patients in the postcovid period were analyzed, directed for examination to assess changes in blood circulation in the lungs and identify complications of the disease (thromboembolism, thrombosis, hemorrhages).Results. In patients who underwent an infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus in a mild form, we identified changes in microcirculation most characteristic of manifestations of vasculitis and small local blood flow defects close to a triangular shape (microthrombosis), which correlated with an increase in fibrinogen (4.32 ± 0.21 g/L) (rs = 0.97; p = 0.001). Signs of microthrombosis, pulmonary embolism were detected in 35.9% of moderately severe patients who did not receive anticoagulant therapy or was prescribed it on day 10–12 of illness, and in 67.2% of severe and extremely severe patients who received anticoagulant therapy during the illness. Signs of postthromboembolic changes were detected in 16 patients (59.2%) in the late postcovid period, which correlated to a high degree (rs = 0.81; p = 0.03) with an increase in the level of fibrinogen (4.5 ± 1.9 mg/l).Conclusions. The severity of microcirculation disorders in the lungs depends on the severity of the disease and the timing of the postcovid period. Signs of small branch thromboembolism / thrombosis are detected in the early postcovid period. In patients who have undergone COVID-19 with the development of thrombosis, signs of postponed pulmonary embolism are revealed and zones of local pneumosclerosis are formed

К 45-летию НИИ пульмонологии Санкт-Петербургского государственного медицинского университета имени академика И.П.Павлова

To the 45th birthday of Scientific and Research Pulmonology Institute of Academician Ivan P.Pavlov's medical university in Sankt-Petersburg.К 45-летию НИИ пульмонологии Санкт-Петербургского государственного медицинского университета имени академика И.П.Павлова

The effectiveness of combination of 7% hypertonic saline and 0.1% natrii hyaluronas in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who have suffered a new coronavirus infection

Introduction. New coronavirus infection (COVID-19) contributes to the aggravation of respiratory symptoms in patients with COPD, including affecting the intensity and nature of cough. Hypertonic solution (HS) has a positive effect on the rheological properties of sputum and mucociliary clearance. However, there are no studies in the available literature on the use of HS in patients who have undergone COVID-19.Goal. To evaluate the effect of the combination of 7% hypertonic saline and 0.1% natrii hyaluronas on the intensity and productive nature of cough in patients with COPD who have undergone a new coronavirus infection and the safety of its use in this cohort of patients.Materials and methods. 50 patients with severe COPD in remission who suffered a new coronavirus infection were examined. The rehabilitation stage of treatment was carried out in the conditions of the pulmonology department. From the moment of receiving the last negative PCR result for SARS-CoV-2 to admission to the hospital for rehabilitation, it took from 2 to 3 weeks. The duration of follow-up of patients was 10 days. The patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (n = 25) – patients who received combination of 7% hypertonic saline and 0.1% natrii hyaluronas 7% by inhalation through a nebulizer; group 2 (n = 25) – patients who did not receive combination of 7% hypertonic saline and 0.1% natrii hyaluronas. The severity of cough was assessed (cough severity scale; shortness of breath, cough and sputum scale), clinical and biochemical blood tests, ECG, spirometry.Results. In patients treated with combination of 7% hypertonic saline and 0.1% natrii hyaluronas, a significant decrease in the severity of cough, the amount of sputum was revealed. The tendency to reduce shortness of breath and improve the quality of life is determined. No serious adverse events were detected when using the drug.Conclusions. The use of the combination of 7% hypertonic saline and 0.1% natrii hyaluronas in patients with COPD who have suffered a new coronavirus infection at the rehabilitation stage leads to a decrease in the intensity of cough and improved sputum discharge, which helps to reduce the severity of shortness of breath and improve the quality of life. The use of the drug is safe and does not lead to clinically significant adverse events

Testing for the ability to modify antibiotics of Panus tigrinus 8/18 Lentinus strigosus 1566 laccase

In advanced biotechnology, the utilization of enzymes to achieve new or modified compounds with antibacterial, fungicidal, and anti-cancer specifications is crucial. Mushroom lactases are a hopeful biocatalyst for the synthesis and modification of different compounds. They are an accessible and inexpensive enzyme for the preparation of reaction objects and have recently received attentio

Enterosorbent based on montmorillonite as a promising tool in the treatment and prevention of intestinal disorders in pigs

The article discusses the treatment and prevention of feed toxicosis of pigs. A composition based on montmorillonite-containing minerals is considered as a promising enterosorbent in combination with the drug vievitin in the treatment of pig dysentery. Studies have shown that the complex use of vievitin with a sorbent by giving individually in 100 ml of drinking water at doses of 5.6 (second group) and 11.1 (third group) mg/kg body weight for vievitin and 400 mg/kg body weight bodies for the sorbent provided a high therapeutic effect in the treatment of piglets suffering from dysentery. Recovery, respectively, was 90.8 an

Противовоспалительный эффект экстрамелкодисперсного комбинированного препарата Фостер на модели хронической обструктивной болезни легких

The aim of the study was to evaluate anti-inflammatory effects of extrafine aerosol of beclomethasone dipropionate/formoterol (Foster) in a model of COPD.Methods. A model of COPD was developed in rats using 60-day intermittent exposure to nitrogen dioxide. Then, within 30 days, a test group was treated with inhaled Foster, and a control group was treated with placebo. Cytokines and enzymes, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), and surfactant proteins B and D (SP-B and SP-D) were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) using ELISA method. Histological examination of lung tissue samples was also performed.Results. Neutrophil and lymphocyte numbers, and concentrations of proinflammatory mediators increased significantly in BALF of the control group. Bronchial epithelium damage was associated with deterioration in production of SP-B, SP-D, and sIgA by bronchial epithelial cells. Treatment with Foster was related to a clear decrease in neutrophilic and lymphocytic inflammation and normalization of BALF pro-inflammatory cytokine and enzyme levels. The injured bronchial and alveolar epithelium repaired; this was associated with improvement in the production of sIgA, SP-B and SP-D by epithelial cell.Conclusion. The treatment with extra-fine aerosol of Foster was associated with significant decrease in inflammation and activation of lung repair in COPD rat model. This could result in improvement in immune defense and production of sIgA, SP-B and SP-D by bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells.Одним из наиболее спорных вопросов в терапии хронической обструктивной болезни легких (ХОБЛ) остается использование ингаляционных глюкокортикостероидов.Целью исследования явилось оценка противовоспалительного эффекта применения экстрамелкодисперсного комбинированного препарата Фостер на модели ХОБЛ.Материалы и методы. Модель ХОБЛ формировалась у крыс под влиянием дискретного 60-дневного воздействия диоксида азота. Затем в течение 30 дней животные опытной группы получали ингаляции препарата Фостер, крысы контрольной группы – плацебо. Методом ELISA определялись клеточный состав и цитокиново-ферментный профиль бронхоальвеолярной лаважной жидкости (БАЛЖ), содержание в ней секреторного иммуноглобулина А (sIgA) и сурфактант-ассоциированных протеинов В (SP-B) и D (SP-D). Выполнялось гистологическое исследование легких.Результаты. Продемонстрировано, что в БАЛЖ крыс контрольной группы достоверно возрастало содержание нейтрофилов, лимфоцитов и провоспалительных медиаторов. Повреждение легочного эпителия сопровождалось ухудшением показателей его функциональной активности (SP-B, SP-D, sIgA). Под влиянием ингаляций препарата Фостер отмечалась отчетливая тенденция к снижению активности нейтрофильно-лимфоцитарного воспаления с нормализацией профиля провоспалительных цитокинов и ферментов в БАЛЖ. Наблюдалось восстановление морфологической структуры бронхоальвеолярного эпителия и, как следствие, улучшение показателей его функциональной активности.Заключение. При использовании экстрамелкодисперсного препарата Фостер на модели ХОБЛ установлено выраженное противовоспалительное действие, сопряженное с активацией репаративных процессов в легких, восстановлением иммунобарьерной целостности и функциональной полноценности бронхоальвеолярного эпителия

Протективное действие беклометазона дипропионата при моделировании хронической обструктивной болезни легких

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the protective effect of the inhaled glucocorticosteroids of beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) using the experimental model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Materials and Methods. The COPD model was reproduced in rats (n = 30) during a discrete 60-day exposure to nitrogen dioxide, 9 individuals formed an intact group. Inhalation of BDP (50 micrograms per day) and control (n = 15) placebo inhalation were performed for 60 days in the rats in the experimental group (n = 15). The cell composition and cytokine enzymatic profile of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), its content of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and surfactant protein D (SP-D) were determined by ELISA. Histological and morphometric lungs examination was performed. Results. Typical for COPD pathomorphological changes in the lungs were determined in the placebo group, the content of inflammatory cells and pro-inflammatory mediators in BALF increased, the functional activity of bronchoalveolar epithelium (SP-D, sIgA) deteriorated. There was a clear trend in the activity of neutrophilic-lymphocytic inflammation decrease with normalization of the profile of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes in BALF In the group of animals receiving BDP; there was also a restoration of the morphological structure of the bronchoalveolar epithelium and improvement of its functional activity. Conclusion. The using of BDP in rats with the experimental COPD model had an expressed anti-inflammatory effect associated with the activation of physiological repair processes in the lungs, manifested by the restoration of structural, immune barrier integrity and functional activity of the bronchoalveolar epithelium.Целью исследования явилась оценка протективного эффекта применения ингаляционного глюкокортикостероида беклометазона дипропионата (БДП) на экспериментальной модели хронической обструктивной болезни легких (ХОБЛ). Материалы и методы. Модель ХОБЛ воспроизводилась у крыс (n = 30) в процессе дискретного 60-дневного воздействия диоксида азота; 9 особей составили интактную группу. В течение 60 дней у крыс опытной группы (n = 15) проводились ингаляции БДП (50 мкг через день), контрольной (n = 15) ингаляции плацебо. Определялись клеточный состав и цитокинферментный профиль бронхоальвеолярной лаважной жидкости (БАЛЖ), содержание в ней секреторного иммуноглобулина А (sIgA) и сурфактантного протеина D (СП-D) методом ELISA. Выполнялось гистологическое и морфометрическое исследование легких. Результаты. В группе плацебо определялись характерные для ХОБЛ патоморфологические изменения в легких, возрастало содержание клеток воспаления и провоспалительных медиаторов в БАЛЖ, ухудшались показатели функциональной активности бронхоальвеолярного эпителия (СП-D, sIgA). В группе животных, получавших БДП, отмечалась отчетливая тенденция к снижению активности нейтрофильно-лимфоцитарного воспаления с нормализацией профиля провоспалительных цитокинов и ферментов в БАЛЖ; также наблюдалось восстановление морфологической структуры бронхоальвеолярного эпителия и улучшение показателей его функциональной активности. Заключение. Применение БДП у крыс с экспериментальной моделью ХОБЛ оказывало выраженное противовоспалительное действие, сопряженное с активацией процессов физиологической репарации в легких, проявляющейся восстановлением структурной, иммунобарьерной целостности и функциональной активности бронхоальвеолярного эпителия