Досвід конституційно-правового регулювання права на недоторканність житла у країнах Східної Європи та його значення для України

Наумова, Н. М. Досвід конституційно-правового регулювання права на недоторканність житла у країнах Східної Європи та його значення для України / Н. М. Наумова // Право і безпека. - 2015. - № 4 (59). - С. 17-23.Naumova, N.M. (201 5), “Experience of constitutional and legal regulation of the right on inviolability of the dwelling in Eastern Europe countries and its significance for Ukraine” [“Dosvid konstytutsiino-pravovoho rehuliuvannia prava na nedotorkannist zhytla u krainakh Skhidnoi Yevropy ta yoho znachennia dlia Ukrainy”], Pravo i Bezpeka, No. 4, pp. 17–23.На підставі аналізу конституційно-правових положень Основних Законів країн Східної Європи показано основні сучасні риси та тенденції у регламентації питання щодо недоторканності житла, зокрема визначено критерії та ознаки універсалізації та біфуркації змісту та зовнішніх ознак відповідних норм права. Подано характеристику та розкрито особливості конституційно-правових гарантій захисту права людини на недоторканність житла. Визначено практичне та теоретичне значення конституційно-правового досвіду постсоціалістичних країн Східної Європи для вдосконалення механізму та способів забезпечення недоторканності житла в Україні.The author has grounded the thesis that nowadays in Ukraine there is a need to revise the amount and content of the right on inviolability of the dwelling and various legal and other guarantees for its provision. To accomplish this the author has offered to study the experience of constitutional and legal regulation of the right on inviolability of the dwelling in post-socialist countries of Eastern Europe. Special attention is paid to insufficient level of scientific elaboration of this theme in the domestic juridical science ofconstitutional law. The main modern features and tendencies of regulating the issue of inviolability of the dwelling have been studied; features and criteria of universalization and bifurcation of the content and external characteristics of the relevant law norms have been determined. The issues concerning common features of the structural factors of building the constitutional norm on inviolability of the dwelling, the ways ofexternal expression, fixation of such norms have been highlighted in details. A special place in the scientific analysis took cases of removal from the principle of inviolability of the dwelling the means of their fixation in the Basic Laws. It is noted that such removals fall under the category of «legal concepts and categories of unobvious legal grounds». The peculiarities of the constitutional and legal guarantees of protecting human right on inviolability of the dwelling have bee characterized. The author has established the practical and theoretical significance of constitutional and legal experience of post-socialist countries of Eastern Europe to improve the mechanism and the ways to ensure the inviolability ofthe dwelling in Ukraine. It is concluded that represented model of the constitutional and legal regulation of inviolability of the dwelling with its implementation to the domestic constitutional and legal experience (the Art. 30 of the Constitution of Ukraine) may provide reasons to believe that this issue in Ukraine is almost similarly resolved.На основе анализа конституционно-правовых положений Основных Законов государств Восточной Европы показаны основные современные черты и тенденции регламентации вопроса о неприкосновенности жилища, в частности определены критерии и признаки универсализации и бифуркации содержания и внешних признаков соответствующих норм права. Дана характеристика и раскрыты особенности конституционно-правовых гарантий защиты права человека на неприкосновенность жилища. Определено практическое и теоретическое значение конституционно-правового опыта постсоциалистических стран Восточной Европы для усовершенствования механизма и способов обеспечения неприкосновенности жилища в Украине

Dynamic maps: a visual-analytic methodology for exploring spatio-temporal disease patterns

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Epidemiologic studies are often confounded by the human and environmental interactions that are complex and dynamic spatio-temporal processes. Hence, it is difficult to discover nuances in the data and generate pertinent hypotheses. Dynamic mapping, a method to simultaneously visualize temporal and spatial information, was introduced to elucidate such complexities. A conceptual framework for dynamic mapping regarding principles and implementation methods was proposed.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The spatio-temporal dynamics of <it>Salmonella </it>infections for 2002 in the U.S. elderly were depicted via dynamic mapping. Hospitalization records were obtained from the Centers of Medicare and Medicaid Services. To visualize the spatial relationship, hospitalization rates were computed and superimposed onto maps of environmental exposure factors including livestock densities and ambient temperatures. To visualize the temporal relationship, the resultant maps were composed into a movie.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The dynamic maps revealed that the <it>Salmonella </it>infections peaked at specific spatio-temporal loci: more clusters were observed in the summer months and higher density of such clusters in the South. The peaks were reached when the average temperatures were greater than 83.4°F (28.6°C). Although the relationship of salmonellosis rates and occurrence of temperature anomalies was non-uniform, a strong synchronization was found between high broiler chicken sales and dense clusters of cases in the summer.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Dynamic mapping is a practical visual-analytic technique for public health practitioners and has an outstanding potential in providing insights into spatio-temporal processes such as revealing outbreak origins, percolation and travelling waves of the diseases, peak timing of seasonal outbreaks, and persistence of disease clusters.</p

Homoeopathic Medicines of Virginian Witch Hazel: Dosage Forms and Standardisation

According to the authors’ analysis of regulatory documents for homoeopathic medicines of Virginian witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana L.), there is a need to transform quality assessment approaches and to unify analytical procedures for identification and assay tests.The aim of the study was to determine approaches to identification and assay of homoeopathic mother tinctures of Virginian witch hazel leaves and bark and medicinal products based on the tinctures.Materials and methods: in order to select quality evaluation procedures, the authors analysed scientific literature, Russian and foreign pharmacopoeias and regulatory documentation regarding homoeopathic medicines of Witch hazel. The authors performed practical evaluation of the selected procedures based on thin-layer chromatography, spectrophotometry, qualitative reactions, and titrimetry, using samples of homoeopathic mother tinctures of Witch hazel leaves and bark, as well as corresponding homoeopathic medicinal products in various dosage forms.Results: the authors proposed identification and assay procedures for the studied active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and homoeopathic medicinal products and prepared the drafts of pharmacopoeial monographs Hamamelis virginiana e foliis (Hamamelis, Folium) homoeopathic mother tincture and Hamamelis virginiana (Hamamelis) homoeopathic mother tincture. The unified procedures were included in the draft monographs for homoeopathic medicinal products Hamamelis, homoeopathic drops; Hamamelis D1, homoeopathic ointment; Hamamelis, folium D1, homoeopathic ointment; Hamamelis virginiana e foliis D1, rectal homoeopathic suppositories.Conclusions: the developed procedures are compatible with the principle of holistic, end-to-end standardisation, as they make it possible to carry out identification tests and assays using the same class of biologically active compounds throughout the whole range of homoeopathic medicines from APIs to finished products. The authors proposed the methodology for assessing homoeopathic medicinal products’ quality, taking into account the degree of dilution of the homoeopathic tinctures used

The use of remotely sensed environmental parameters for spatial and temporal schistosomiasis prediction across climate zones in Ghana

Schistosomiasis control in sub-Saharan Africa is enacted primarily through preventive chemotherapy. Predictive models can play an important role in filling knowledge gaps in the distribution of the disease and help guide the allocation of limited resources. Previous modeling approaches have used localized cross-sectional survey data and environmental data typically collected at a discrete point in time. In this analysis, 8 years (2008-2015) of monthly schistosomiasis cases reported into Ghana's national surveillance system were used to assess temporal and spatial relationships between disease rates and three remotely sensed environmental variables: land surface temperature (LST), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and accumulated precipitation (AP). Furthermore, the analysis was stratified by three major and nine minor climate zones, defined using a new climate classification method. Results showed a downward trend in reported disease rates (~ 1% per month) for all climate zones. Seasonality was present in the north with two peaks (March and September), and in the middle of the country with a single peak (July). Lowest disease rates were observed in December/January across climate zones. Seasonal patterns in the environmental variables and their associations with reported schistosomiasis infection rates varied across climate zones. Precipitation consistently demonstrated a positive association with disease outcome, with a 1-cm increase in rainfall contributing a 0.3-1.6% increase in monthly reported schistosomiasis infection rates. Generally, surveillance of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in low-income countries continues to suffer from data quality issues. However, with systematic improvements, our approach demonstrates a way for health departments to use routine surveillance data in combination with publicly available remote sensing data to analyze disease patterns with wide geographic coverage and varying levels of spatial and temporal aggregation.Accepted manuscrip

The influence of ammonium and methods for removal during the anaerobic treatment of poultry manure

The addition of exogenous NH4Cl to poultry manure and synthetic medium was used to study the effect of ammonia-nitrogen on the activity and composition of a methanogenic consortium. Results indicated that the production of biogas and methane was not affected by the variation in NH4Cl concentration within the range 2-10 g dm-3 (0.5-2.6 g N-NH4 dm-3). At higher values of ammonium (10-30 g dm-3 or 2-8 g N-NH, dm-3) a significant decline in both parameters (by 50-60% for biogas and 80-90% for methane) was observed. A significant decrease in the numbers of bacteria of all physiological groups (especially proteolytic and methanogenic) was observed when more than 30 g NH4Cl dm-3 (7.8 g N-NH4 dm-3) was added to the fermentation medium. The addition of 10% (w/v) of powdered phosphorite ore enhanced the production of biogas and methane at NH4Cl concentrations up to 30 g dm-3, and also changed the composition of the methanogenic consortium. A partial recovery in the numbers of proteolytic and methanogenic bacteria coupled with the decrease in the density of sulphate-reducers was observed. High concentrations (more than 50 g dm-3) of NH4Cl seemed to cause irreversible inhibition of methanogenesis which could not be eliminated by the addition of phosphorites. | The addition of exogenous NH4Cl to poultry manure and synthetic medium was used to study the effect of ammonia-nitrogen on the activity and composition of a methanogenic consortium. Results indicated that the production of biogas and methane was not affected by the variation in NH4Cl concentration within the range 2-10 g dm-3 (0.5-2.6 g N-NH4 dm-3). At higher values of ammonium (10-30 g dm-3 or 2-8 g N-NH4 dm-3) a significant decline in both parameters (by 50-60% for biogas and 80-90% for methane) was observed. A significant decrease in the numbers of bacteria of all physiological groups (especially proteolytic and methanogenic) was observed when more than 30 g NH4Cl dm-3 (7.8 g N-NH4 dm-3) was added to the fermentation medium. The addition of 10% (w/v) of powdered phosphorite ore enhanced the production of biogas and methane at NH4Cl concentrations up to 30 g dm-3, and also changed the composition of the methanogenic consortium. A partial recovery in the numbers of proteolytic and methanogenic bacteria coupled with the decrease in the density of sulphate-reducers was observed. High concentrations (more than 50 g dm-3) of NH4Cl seemed to cause irreversible inhibition of methanogenesis which could not be eliminated by the addition of phosphorites

Spatiotemporal patterns of cholera hospitalization in Vellore, India

Systematically collected hospitalization records provide valuable insight into disease patterns and support comprehensive national infectious disease surveillance networks. Hospitalization records detailing patient’s place of residence (PoR) can be utilized to better understand a hospital’s case load and strengthen surveillance among mobile populations. This study examined geographic patterns of patients treated for cholera at a major hospital in south India. We abstracted 1401 laboratory-confirmed cases of cholera between 2000–2014 from logbooks and electronic health records (EHRs) maintained by the Christian Medical College (CMC) in Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. We constructed spatial trend models and identified two distinct clusters of patient residence—one around Vellore (836 records (61.2%)) and one in Bengal (294 records (21.5%)). We further characterized differences in peak timing and disease trend among these clusters to identify differences in cholera exposure among local and visiting populations. We found that the two clusters differ by their patient profiles, with patients in the Bengal cluster being most likely older males traveling to Vellore. Both clusters show well-aligned seasonal peaks in mid-July, only one week apart, with similar downward trend and proportion of predominant O1 serotype. Large hospitals can thus harness EHRs for surveillance by utilizing patients’ PoRs to study disease patterns among resident and visitor populations

Longitudinal borehole functionality in 15 rural Ghanaian towns from three groundwater quality clusters

OBJECTIVE: In sub-Saharan Africa, 45% of the rural population uses boreholes (BHs). Despite recent gains in improved water access and coverage, parallel use of unimproved sources persists. Periodic infrastructure disrepair contributes to non-exclusive use of BHs. Our study describes functionality of BHs in 2014, 2015, and 2016 in 15 rural towns in the Eastern Region of Ghana sourced from three groundwater quality clusters (high iron, high salinity, and control). We also assess factors affecting cross-sectional and longitudinal functionality using logistic regression. RESULTS: BH functionality rates ranged between 81 and 87% and were similar across groundwater quality clusters. Of 51 BHs assessed in all three years, 34 (67%) were consistently functional and only 3 (6%) were consistently broken. There was a shift toward proactive payment for water over the course of the study in the control and high-salinity clusters. Payment mechanism, population served, presence of nearby alternative water sources, and groundwater quality cluster were not significant predictors of cross-sectional or longitudinal BH functionality. However, even in the high iron cluster, where water quality is poor and no structured payment mechanism for water exists, BHs are maintained, showing that they are important community resources

Visual Analytics for Epidemiologists: Understanding the Interactions Between Age, Time, and Disease with Multi-Panel Graphs

Visual analytics, a technique aiding data analysis and decision making, is a novel tool that allows for a better understanding of the context of complex systems. Public health professionals can greatly benefit from this technique since context is integral in disease monitoring and biosurveillance. We propose a graphical tool that can reveal the distribution of an outcome by time and age simultaneously.We introduce and demonstrate multi-panel (MP) graphs applied in four different settings: U.S. national influenza-associated and salmonellosis-associated hospitalizations among the older adult population (≥65 years old), 1991-2004; confirmed salmonellosis cases reported to the Massachusetts Department of Public Health for the general population, 2004-2005; and asthma-associated hospital visits for children aged 0-18 at Milwaukee Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, 1997-2006. We illustrate trends and anomalies that otherwise would be obscured by traditional visualization techniques such as case pyramids and time-series plots.MP graphs can weave together two vital dynamics--temporality and demographics--that play important roles in the distribution and spread of diseases, making these graphs a powerful tool for public health and disease biosurveillance efforts