On the simplest (2+1) dimensional integrable spin systems and their equivalent nonlinear Schr\"odinger equations

Using a moving space curve formalism, geometrical as well as gauge equivalence between a (2+1) dimensional spin equation (M-I equation) and the (2+1) dimensional nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation (NLSE) originally discovered by Calogero, discussed then by Zakharov and recently rederived by Strachan, have been estabilished. A compatible set of three linear equations are obtained and integrals of motion are discussed. Through stereographic projection, the M-I equation has been bilinearized and different types of solutions such as line and curved solitons, breaking solitons, induced dromions, and domain wall type solutions are presented. Breaking soliton solutions of (2+1) dimensional NLSE have also been reported. Generalizations of the above spin equation are discussed.Comment: 32 pages, no figures, accepted for publication in J. Math. Phy

THE ANTIOXIDANT STUDIES OF TWO MEDICINAL PLANTS, SPHAERANTHUS INDICUS AND PSOPHOCARPUS TETRAGONOLOBUS

Objective: The present study deals with the antioxidant assays of the different leaf extracts of two medicinal plants, Sphaeranthus indicus and Psophocarpus tetragonolobus. Methods: Dried leaves of S. indicus and P. tetragonolobus were packed in separate round bottom flasks for sample extraction using ethanol, methanol, hexane, and distilled water as solvents for 72 h, and the extracts were collected after evaporating the solvents. Antioxidant studies of the various extracts were performed by 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma assays.Results: Among the two plants studied, S. indicus showed better 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), scavenging activity than P. tetragonolobus with IC50 values of 174.380 and 262.313, respectively, as compared to that of the standard, ascorbic acid, IC50 value of which being 111.16. The FRAP assay results for both the plants indicated that the methanol fractions showed closer results when compared with standards, ascorbic acid and quercetin. The IC50 value of S. indicus, P tetragonolobus, ascorbic acid, and quercetin was 70.065, 151.953, 85.162, and 79.647, respectively. These results clearly indicate that S. indicus methanol fraction had better antioxidant activity when compared to both standards.Conclusion: It is concluded that S. indicus and P. tetragonolobus have excellent antioxidant activities which could be the major contributing factors for their medicinal roles. Further studies in this direction are being carried on

Effectiveness of training package regarding breast feeding technique on postnatal nipple pain and nipple trauma among primi mothers at selected hospital, Dindigul district, Tamilnadu, 2011.

All human life on the planet is born by woman. The women who fulfills their life, only when they experiences the pleasure of motherhood. Child birth is universally accepted and celebrated event by all human beings which provides physical and psychological satisfaction to all couples. Every newborn is protected and cared by the mother both before and after delivery. The initial bond of attachment between mother and baby is established through breast feeding. Breast feeding is the normal way of providing young infants with the nutrients they need for growth and development. It is a cost effective way of feeding an infant. Hormones released during breast feeding help to strengthen the maternal bond. Breast feeding should be initiated within half an hour immediately after delivery thus facilitates colostrum supplement. Breast milk protects the baby from many childhood diseases. Therefore breast feeding is the first choice for infant feeding. Breast feeding method is widely accepted as a best method which helps for successful and longer duration of breast feeding. Longer duration of breast feeding maintained by proper breast feeding technique. Breast feeding technique prevents feeding complications such as nipple pain and nipple trauma, cracked nipples and also it prevents early lactation failure. The midwifes should encourage and teach the mothers about importance of breast feeding and its techniques to increase breast feeding rates. Objectives • To assess post test level of practice regarding breast feeding technique on post natal nipple pain and nipple trauma among primi mothers in study group and control group. • To compare the post test level of practice regarding breast feeding technique on post natal nipple pain and nipple trauma among primi mothers between study group and control group. • To correlate the post test level of practice regarding breast feeding technique with post natal nipple pain and nipple trauma among primi mothers in the study group and control group • To associate the post test level of practice regarding breast feeding technique on post natal nipple pain and post natal nipple trauma among primi mothers with selected demographic variables in the study group. METHODOLOGY Research Design True experimental post test only design. Setting The study was conducted at Kasturba Memorial Hospital, Dindigul. Participants The study sample comprised of primi mothers with the gestational age of 38 – 40 weeks, who satisfied the sample selection criteria. Intervention The training package regarding breast feeding technique on postnatal nipple pain and nipple trauma to the study group and the usual postnatal care was followed by control group. Measurements and tool Latching score system was used to assess the post test level of practice, postnatal nipple pain was assessed by numeric pain intensity scale and nipple trauma was assessed by nipple trauma index. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. RESULTS The calculated ‘t’ value of breast feeding technique (latching on method) was found to be 8.751 which showed statistically high significant difference (at p = <0.001 level.) between study and control group. This indicates that the training package regarding breast feeding technique on postnatal nipple pain and nipple trauma was highly effective. DISCUSSION It was found that, compared to the control group; the study group had good practice on breast feeding technique and not developed postnatal nipple pain and nipple trauma, which revealed that the effectiveness of training package regarding breast feeding technique on postnatal nipple pain and nipple trauma. Implications Midwives working in the maternity hospital and public health centers, community centers should have updated knowledge and implement standard policies and procedure for breast feeding technique in these areas like antenatal ward, postnatal ward, pediatric wards, public health and community centers to increase the awareness about breast feeding technique and to prevent postnatal breast complications. In nursing education the students should be reinforced and motivated to provide health education about breast feeding technique. As a nurse administrator various in – service programmes and continuing education programmes on breast feeding and its importance in the hospital setup and conduct various mass camps , exhibition to create awareness among the general public. The findings of the study will help the professional nurses and nursing students to develop inquiry by procuring a base and the findings will be disseminated in clinical nursing, community settings through literature, journals and reports

An interesting rare case of spontaneous pregnancy with imperforate hymen and high transverse vaginal septum with bicornuate uterus

Congenital anatomic disorders of the female reproductive tract may result from genetic mutation, developmental arrest and abnormal hormonal exposure during embryonic development. These anomalies have a huge impact on the woman’s menstrual, sexual and reproductive functions. Pregnancy with these anatomic disorders is quite challenging. Here we present a rare interesting case of spontaneous pregnancy with multiple anatomic disorders namely- imperforate hymen, high transverse vaginal septum and bicornuate uterus

Causes of maternal mortality at tertiary care hospital

Background: Maternal mortality is a vital index of quality and efficiency of obstetric service, prevailing in a country. Women comprise an important section of any population and during child bearing period, the threat to life is protected by various preventive and therapeutic measures and many a time by surgical intervention.Methods: A thorough analysis of data collected. Information was obtained from case sheets, laboratory investigations. During the present study, total births include live births, still births and deaths due to abortions are also included, since it is ‘one of the important causes of maternal deaths.Results: According to the above table Eclampsia is the main cause of direct death. Out of 25vaginal deliveries 7 cases died due to PPH (26.92%).Conclusions: Maternal Mortality is a global problem every country in the world is facing .We need to target specific interventions for specific population

A Toxicity study on Nabi Mathirai

INTRODUCTION : Nabi is one of the widely used siddha medicine in general practice and also nabi is the one of the cardiac poison. After purification it is used as suram (fever) in siddha medicine. Nabi mathirai, is high potency drug comprising mainly, 1. Nabi, 2. Vengaram, 3. Milagu. As major ingredients which are good for their anti pyretic properties is being used by many of the traditional practioners, nowadays it is also used to cure all kinds of Sura noigal (Fever). On the other hand the ingredients of Nabi mathirai are basically heavy toxic substances. Administration of these substance, without proper purification, (suthi). In human body may lead to severe complications even death also. AIM AND OBJECTIVES : the main aim of the dissertation work is to study the toxic effects of Nabi mathirai short term and long term administrations. The prime object of this study is to find out the acute and chronic toxicity study. ♠ Acute toxicity study, ♠ Chronic toxicity study, ♠ Hematological investigations, ♠ Histopathological study of the organs such as kidney, heart and liver in albino rats, ♠ Bio chemical analysis, ♠ And Statistical Analysis of the medicine Nabi mathirai. MATERIALS AND METHODS Selection of Drug “NABI MATHIRAI mentioned in “Skitcha Rathna Deepam ennum Vaithya Sinthamani II part” was chosen and prepared as per the procedure mentioned below the drugs were collected from the local market, through proper identification. The ingredients of Nabi Mathirai are NABI, Venkaram (Borax), Vellai milagu (white pepper), Inji (Zingher officinale) – (ginger juice). Purification (Suddhi) of Raw Drugs: • NABI : The roots are soaked in cow’s urine for 3 days and then dried. • Venkaram (Borax) : The borax is fried to be free from moisture. • Vellai Milagu : Vellai milagu is fried in a mud pan it make it moist free. RESULT : The mean value of body weight and haematological indices for the three groups of rats, each group containing 5 animals with two different dosage levels were observed and the results were tabulated in Tables 7, 8 and Table 9, for the control, 40mg/body weight of the animal and 80mg/body weight of the animal, dose groups respectively. Histopathological studies reveal that the drug Nabi mathirai on long term administration shows pathological changes in the kidney and heart. So, the drug may produce less toxic effects on long term use. CONCLUSION : Nabi mathirai did not produce death even up to the dose of 640mg as random. Heamatological report also has no significant changes. In Histopathological studies of the kidney and heart shows mild changes. Therefore, we come to conclusion that even upto 640mg of Nabi mathirai never produce death in man. Also the doses taken in Acute and Chronic study did not produce any mortality in animals. But in chronic toxicity study produced mild histopathological changes in the kidney and heart. Even this may be due to continuous administration of this drug for a long period at relatively higher doses when compared to man. Because an ideal man of 70kg body weight requires 100mg of the drug 2 times daily. So, a rat of 100gm body weight requires only 0.43mg of the drug one time daily. But we have given above the normal dose. These are 4 to 8 times more than human dose. So, we can come to conclusion that if the drug was normal dose it might not produce any pathological changes

A study on active versus expectant management and perinatal outcome of preterm premature rupture of membranes between 32-37 weeks of pregnancy

INTRODUCTION: PPROM is defined as a rupture of the amniotic membranes before 37 weeks of gestation and before the onset of labour. PPROM is one of the high risk factor leading to approximately one third of preterm births and it complicates about 3% of pregnancies. It is associated with many neonatal and maternal complications including neonatal sepsis, hyaline membrane disease (HMD), placental abruption, and eventually fetal death. OBJECTIVES: 1)To study active versus expectant management in preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) between 32-37 weeks of pregnancy.2)To estimate the prevalence and identify the risk factors of preterm premature rupture of membranes. 3) To study the perinatal outcome of preterm premature rupture of membranes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted in Govt. Kasturba Hospital, Triplicane, Madras Medical College, Chennai from December2012 to November 2013 with ethical committee approval. 108 patients with gestational age of 32-36 completed weeks (37 weeks) with confirmed ROM, Singleton pregnancy, primi and multigravida in the age group between 15-35 years were randomly allocated to active and expectant management groups. The admission, management procedures and events during delivery and puerperium and neonatal outcome were studied. RESULTS: The incidence of PPROM was 3.56%. It was high in 34-36 weeks of gestation. The mean MRO duration during admission was 14.91 hours, admission to delivery interval 15.81 hours. The incidence of LSCS in active management is 32.12 % whereas in expectant group is 16.9%.The duration of mother hospitalization and post-operative complications like fever, abruption placenta were not statistically associated with active and expectant management (p>0.05). A statistically significant (p=0.007) differentiation in neonatal hospitalization, RDS were noted in both groups. Admission delivery interval was significant in both 32-34 as well as 34-36 weeks preterm PPROM. CONCLUSION: The incidence of PPROM is comparatively low because of improved living conditions and regular obstetric care. Active management by means of induction of labour between 34-36 completed weeks and expectant management between 32-34 weeks is safer for mother and fetus in pregnancies complicated by PPROM

Enterocin from Enterococcus faecium isolated from mangrove environment

Enterococcus faecium isolated from mangrove environment produced enterocin and it showed broad inhibitory spectrum against gram positive and gram negative bacteria such as Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococcus facealis, Listeria monocytogens and Salmonella paratyphii. The optimum production ofbacteriocin (2400 AU/ml) from E. faceium was obtained when the culture conditions were maintained at pH 6.0 and 35°C. Maximum yield was 40% in ion exchange chromatography. The molecular weight of the partially purified enterocin was estimated as 5 KDa by SDS PAGE electrophoresis

Depletion of glutathione and enhanced lipid peroxidation in the CSF of acute psychotics following haloperidol administration

Haloperidol administration for 2 weeks results in significant reduction in the concentration of GSH in the CSF. Concomitantly, the levels of lipid peroxidation products increased as evidenced by increased malondialdehyde levels. The malondialdehyde levels in the CSF prior to haloparidol administration were not significantly higher than that seen in CSF from normal controls (data not shown) suggesting that increased oxidative stress did not exist in these patients prior to haloperidol administration. All the patients included in the present study were drug naive and hence the changes observed in the glutathione and malon6ialdehyde levels in the CSF were indeed mediated by haloperidol administration. The only other medication that was administered namely, anticholinergic drug, trihexyphenidyl is not known to cause any oxidative stress. The present study thus demonsuates that haloperidol administration results in significant oxidative stress. The generation of the oxidative stress is probably due to the increased turnover of dopemine caused by typical neuroleptics. Increased dopamine turnover is also observed in Parkinson's disease and the combination therapy consisting of antioxidant vitamin E and monoamine oxidase inhibitor, deprenyl has been shown to offer limited protection against the progression of the disease (Parkinson Disease Study Group 1989). In the present study, all the 15 patients exhibited extrapyramidal symptoms although the time of onset, the duration and the severity of the side effects differed between patients. On the presumption that the oxidative stress generated by haloperidel may cause extrapyramidal symptoms, the present study in humans taken together with the evidence provided in our earlier studies on rats (Shivakumar and Ravindranath 1992,1993) may justify experimental coadministration of antioxidanls (e.g., vitamin E) with typical neuroleptics like haloperidol to prevent the acute side effects

CHARACTERIZATION OF URATE OXIDASE EXPRESSED IN ESCHERICHIA COLI

The biological market is increasing day by day, so the regulatory bodies are becoming more stringent to maintain the quality of the product. To meet the highest quality standards, it is necessary to assess the quality of the product, in each and every step of the bio-therapeutic drug manufacturing. Originator molecule manufactures usually define their own standards, but where as a biosimilar producer should do head to head comparison with the standard molecule, in order to prove it as closely similar to the standard with respect to structure and function. In this paper, we compared urate oxidase produced in E. coli with the marketing Elitek which is expressed in yeast. We used various methods to determine its molecular weight, structural integrity, In-vitro bioassay and other methods to compare with the standard. Integrity by DSS cross linking is first of its kind for urate oxidase, expressed in E.coli