A REVIEW ON BIOACTIVE PHYTOCHEMICALS AND IT’S MECHANISM ON CANCER TREATMENT AND PREVENTION BY TARGETING MULTIPLE CELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS

In developing and developed countries, cancer is a significant health problem in people. Cancer becomes the second greatest cause of death in human after cardiovascular disease. However, significant advancements in modern cancer therapies have a beneficial impact on survival, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Plants fulfill our basic needs to continue life and provide natural products that help to cure disease. The medicinal plants are readily available and have no toxicity as compared to modern drugs. Phytochemicals act on metabolic pathways and inhibit tumor growth, the development of cancerous cells, and replication by different mechanisms. Apigenin's chemo-preventive and anticancer activities have been demonstrating in numerous studies. Curcumin is a polyphenolic compound isolated from the Curcuma longa plant. EGCG, a polyphenol in black, white, and green tea is a chemo-preventive effect against many cancers by targeting multiple pathways. Normal cell growth and cell proliferation are closely regulated processes. The JAK-STAT (Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription) pathway controls gene expression during different processes, including proliferation, initiation, and apoptosis. The transcription factors are associated with the growth of cancer cells and control a cellular function in the disease. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a class of serine and threonine kinase that includes ERK (extracellular regulated kinase), JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinases), and p38. This review paper describes natural phytochemical compounds, their molecular targets and mechanisms of action

Menstruation and related disorders in Indian adolescent girls: an observational study

Background: Menstrual disorders are a common presentation and leading reasons for the physician office visits by adolescents. With this preview, we have made an attempt to evaluate the current changes in the age of menarche, menstruation patterns, the incidence of common menstrual disorders and their etiologies. Aims and objectives of the current study was to evaluate the menstrual disorders, their etiology and treatment modalities in adolescents in tertiary health care setup.Methods: An observational study was carried out on female patients in adolescent age group attending OPD of obstetrics and gynecology, Grant Government Medical College, Mumbai, India. The selected women were explained about the protocol, purpose of the study and were requested to complete the questionnaires to elicit information relating to demographic features, menarche age, and menstrual characteristics. Results were tabulated and analyzed.Results: A total number of 100 cases were included in this study, among them majority were in 16-19 years age group (64%), 79% of the study population belong to the lower class. It was observed that 55% study subject had dysmenorrhoea, 65% had irregular menses, 52% oligomenorrhoea, 13% polymenorrhoea, 28% had menorrhagia, 2% amenorrhea, 10% with PCOS and 2% with endometriosis, 4% with hypothyroidism, 4% with hyperprolactinemia. Most of the study subject responded well to analgesics and hormonal therapy.Conclusions: Menstrual irregularity needs to be evaluated with utmost sensitivity and treated promptly. Lack of sufficient knowledge, awareness regarding menstruation among adolescent girls and social embarrassment should be tackled with education

Hyperuricemia and maternal outcome in pregnancy induced hypertension: prospective study in a tertiary care center in Mumbai, India

Background: Pregnancy induced hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia are serious complications of pregnancy. They are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world and one of the leading causes for perinatal mortality also. It is the systemic disease affecting all vital organs including the fetus. Estimation of biochemical markers can give us the indication of the severity and prediction of the outcome. Serum uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism, amongst others like creatinine, LDH, transaminases. Methods: It was a type of prospective descriptive study. The present study was conducted in department of obstetrics and gynecology, Tertiary care hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Results: Pregnancy induced hypertension was most common in age group of 20-25 years, most common complication was preterm delivery which accounts for 43% of maternal complications. 60% of the cases with IUFD had serum uric acid level 8-8.9 mg/dl, 3% of the patients had HELLP syndrome. Conclusions: We found severity of complication associated with raise in serum uric acid levels.

Study the Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Seed Germination of Various Tree Species of Rajasthan

This research paper delves into the influence of plant growth regulators (PGRs) on the germination percentage of four distinct plant species, specifically Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth., Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch., Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd., and Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. The study was conducted at Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur, during the summer of 2022. The study employed three PGRs: gibberellic acid (GA3), indole acetic acid (IAA), and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at two concentrations of 500 ppm and 1000 ppm. The primary objectives of this study were to evaluate the germination percentage of the four plant species and to ascertain the optimal PGR treatment for seed germination. The results of this research could potentially aid in the development of effective strategies to enhance seed germination and overall plant growth. The study revealed that the impact of PGRs on germination percentage was dependent on the plant species and the concentration of the PGR used. The findings indicated that the use of PGRs at appropriate concentrations could increase the germination percentage of seeds. Of the three PGRs used in the study, GA3 was found to be the most effective at enhancing seed germination for all four plant species, followed by IAA and IBA. Overall, this research has demonstrated that the use of PGRs can significantly improve seed germination percentage and can provide valuable insights into the optimal concentration of PGRs required for the best possible results. The study results could potentially assist in the development of PGR-based strategies to enhance plant growth and productivity, which could have important implications for agricultural and environmental sustainability

A clinical study of acute intestinal obstruction in adults-based on etiology, severity indicators and surgical outcome

Background: Patients with bowel obstruction still represent some of the most difficult and vexing problems that surgeons face today. While the adage, “never let the sun rise or set on a bowel obstruction” remains true, there has been a trend towards selective non-operative management of this problem. Aims and objectives were to study the various causes and modes of presentation of intestinal obstruction and to evaluate the importance of different severity indicators of obstruction with early recognition, diagnosis and thus timely abdominal exploration.Methods: 2 years prospective study conducted in PDMMC college, Amravati, Maharashtra, India, from September 2013 to September 2015. Each intestinal obstruction patient was evaluated with specific severity indicators, scored and then analyzed.Results: The commonest cause of intestinal obstruction in adults in this study series was adhesions in 33.33% cases. Other causes were mesenteric ischaemia, i.e. 7 (11.67%), Koch’s abdomen, i.e. 5 (8.33%), sigmoid volvulus, i.e. 5 (8.33%) and carcinoma, i.e. 5 (8.33%). Resection anastomosis was most commonly performed procedure in 45.7 % cases, followed by adhesiolysis in 14% patients. 66.66% patients having a score less than 3 were managed conservatively, 95.83 % having a score of 3 or more where operated on.Conclusions: The evaluation of patients endeavours not only to confirm the diagnosis but also to determine the need for and timing of surgery. Certain severity indicators and scoring systems can help to optimize this timing of surgery and prevent mortality

Extraction and Purification of Organophosphorus hydrolase Enzyme from Soil Microorganism Pseudomonas diminuta

Synthetic organophosphorus compounds are highly toxic hence, widely used as pesticides, insecticides and chemical warfare agents. Organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) is an organophosphotriester hydrolyzing enzyme; effectively hydrolyze a range of organophosphate esters. The objective of the present study was extraction and purification of OPH enzyme from Pseudomonas diminuta bacteria (soil microorganism) and to study kinetic properties of the purified enzyme. Enzyme was extracted and purified from bacteria by ammonium sulphate precipitation and ion exchange chromatography. Purity of an enzyme was determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacryamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Purified OPH enzyme specific activity was found to be 27.7 fold of 32.8U/mg protein, molecular weight of 72 Kda and it is a homodimer since it has shown a single band in SDS-PAGE separation. Maximum activity of the free OPH enzyme was found at Optimum pH 7.5 and temperature 35oC with the incubation time of 10 min. Michaelis constant (Km) and maximum velocity (Vmax) values of free OPH enzyme for methyl parathion as substrate was found to be 286.2μM and 2.5 μM/min respectively

Interaction of two memory enhancing herbal drugs Memory Plus and Mentat with diazepam and phenytoin sodium in mice

Background: The non-medical self-administration of memory enhancing drugs is a common practice. Present study was designed to evaluate interactions of two such herbal drugs Memory Plus (MP) and Mentat, with other central nervous system (CNS) active drugs.Methods: Two activities - pentobarbitone sleeping time (PST) and maximal electroshock seizures (MES) were performed using adult albino mice weighing 25-30 g to observe the interactions of the herbal drugs with diazepam and phenytoin sodium, respectively. For each activity, animals were divided into seven groups of six mice each. Group I was a control group receiving 0.2 ml of 1% Tween 80 i.p/0.2 ml saline p.o, Group II, III and IV acute treatment groups; received single dose of herbal (2 mg/kg i.p MP or 200 mg/kg p.o Mentat) CNS-active drugs alone in subeffective doses group II - diazepam 5 mg/kg i.p, Group III PS 15 mg/kg i.p and Group IV - MP/Mentat+diazepam or PS, respectively. Groups V, VI, and VII were subchronic treatment groups, received drugs once daily for 8 days same as acute treatment groups. Sleeping time was measured as the interval between the loss and recovery of righting reflex and anticonvulsant activity by giving supra maximal shock via ear electrodes using a techno electro convulsiometer.Results: Both MP and Mentat showed potentiation of effect of diazepam and PS in subchronic treatment groups by significantly prolonging PST (p<0.05) and by showing significant percentage protection in MES method (p<0.05) compared to control group.Conclusion: Subchronic administration of MP and Mentat shows significant interaction with diazepam and PS. Further human studies are warranted to confirm these findings