Design of an efficient battery model using evolutionary algorithms.

Batteries play a vital role in current scenario of energy storage, even though many techniques of energy storage are available, since the time taken to start delivering the stored energy is very less. The battery life time depends upon its charging and discharging characteristics, which are in turn, depend on the internal parameters of battery. These parameters include resistance, capacitance and open circuit voltage. The amount of energy stored in the battery can be calculated by estimating these parameters. In this paper, an optimized model for Lithium ion batteries is presented using evolutionary algorithms to estimate the internal parameters of the battery over different charging and discharging rates. A sample EIG make, 2.5 V, 8 Ahr Lithium ion battery is modeled using two evolutionary algorithms such as genetic algorithm and Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) for different charging and discharging rates. The results of two algorithms are compared with the catalog values given by the manufacturer in order to identify the appropriate algorithm for battery modeling and validation. This paper concludes that battery characteristics obtained by CMA-ES algorithm match with the measured manufacturer characteristics

Capacity Fade Modeling of Li-Ion Battery using Evolutionary Algorithm

Renewable sources are seasonal and cannot be considered as available energy source as their generation varies with time. The insufficient forecasting techniques lead to thought of storage of energy. Even though many techniques of energy storage are available, batteries play a vital role as the time taken to start delivering the stored energy is very less. The life period of the battery depends upon the charging and discharging characteristics which in turn depend on the internal parameters such as life period, charge rate, discharge rate of the battery. The energy stored in the battery can be calculated by finding these parameters. In this paper these parameters are estimated for a Sony lithium ion battery by evolutionary algorithm CMA-ES under different Charging and discharging rates. As the batteries are charged and discharged there is capacity loss in the battery. This loss is modelled by modified Arrhenius equation on practical conditions. Capacity loss of the sample battery is modelled for five different cycles starting from 50th cycle to 100th cycle in an interval of 10 cycles. The results are validated with those of manufacturer catalogue. The optimized battery capacity loss are found to coincide with the measured values

Whole-body regeneration in the colonial tunicate Botrylloides leachii

The colonial marine invertebrate Botrylloides leachii belongs to the Tunicata subphylum, the closest invertebrate relatives to the vertebrate group and the only known class of chordates that can undergo whole-body regeneration (WBR). This dramatic developmental process allows a minute isolated fragment of B. leachii’s vascular system, or a colony excised of all adults, to restore a functional animal in as little as 10 days. In addition to this exceptional regenerative capacity, B. leachii can reproduce both sexually, through a tadpole larval stage, and asexually, through palleal budding. Thus, three alternative developmental strategies lead to the establishment of filter-feeding adults. Consequently, B. leachii is particularly well suited for comparative studies on regeneration and should provide novel insights into regenerative processes in chordates.Here, after a short introduction on regeneration, we overview the biology of B. leachii as well as the current state of knowledge on WBR in this species and in related species of tunicates. Finally, we highlight the possible future directions that research might take in the study of WBR, including thoughts on technological approaches that appear most promising in this context. Overall, we provide a synthesis of the current knowledge on WBR in B. leachii to support research in this chordate species

Mixed Scheduling Coupled With Power Control and Routing for Wireless Adhoc Networks

ABSTRACT: In ad hoc networks the communication between mobile nodes are done through wireless channel. Here the connections between mobile nodes are made without the infrastructure support such as base station. A power assignment for the links changes the network topology and thus scheduling is affected. Scheduling determines the link activation and interference and hence the power changes at each link should satisfy the SNIR requirements. In our proposed approach we employ both link scheduling and power control to manage the interference. Here we have assumed a TDMA based wireless ad hoc network where one of the nodes has receiver and other has transmitter, all other nodes occupy different time slots. In our scheduling algorithm priority is given to the links with larger queue which helps in blocking traffic to neighboring links. Also we have studied the scheduling with power control and scheduling without power control mechanisms and found that scheduling with joint power control achieves significantly larger throughput and less delay at the cost of slightly higher energy consumption. In routing the minimum energy route has to be selected at the beginning of the network operation to save energy. But in some cases for general and arbitrary topologies, bandwidth requirement may not be satisfied by scheduling alone, and hence, congestion occurs at some links in the network. In our algorithm, routes are selected using Ant Colony based routing considering QoS factors according to both energy consumption and the traffic accumulation. Our simulation results show that there is a trade-off between energy consumption and the network performance

Studies on Effect of Grafting Technique on Growth and Yield of Bitter Gourd (<em>Momordica Charantia</em> L.)

654-661The experiment was conducted during 2012-14 to study the effect of grafting technique with different rootstocks on growth and yield of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) by comparing grafted bitter gourd plants with non-grafted (intact) plants under field conditions. The bitter gourd cultivars viz., Palee F1 and CO 1 were grafted onto six cucurbitaceous rootstocks by adopting side grafting method. At 15 days after grafting, the bitter gourd scions grafted with pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) and sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica) rootstocks recorded the higher success percentage (89.05 and 85.35) than other graft combinations.The result revealed that, the grafted plants had better vegetative growth and yield than the non-grafted plants (check). Highest vegetative growth (844.26 cm), least node number to first female flower appearance (25.80),narrow sex ratio (17.89) number more fruit number (28.02 fruits) and fruit yieldper vine (3.55 kg/vine)were observed in Palee F1 scion grafted onto ‘pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata)’ rootstock than other graft combinations and non-grafted plants. The differences recorded for growth and yield of the tested cultivars might be due to different growth characteristics, graft affinity and compatibility. This evidence indicates that grafting bitter gourd scions onto specific rootstock significantly influences growth and yield without deterioration in the fruit quality

BIOANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF PIRFENIDONE BY RPHPLC METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE DETERMINATION OF DRUG FOOD INTERACTION STUDY IN WISTER RATS

ABSTRACT A simple precise, accurate RP-HPLC method has been developed and validated for bioavailability study of pirfenidone in wister rat plasma. The separation and quantization of pirfenidone was achieved on a C18 reversed phase column using the mobile phase in gradient mode constituting of eluant A HPLC grade water (adjusted to pH 3.5) and eluant B 20% acetonitrile and 15% of methanol in the ratio of 60: 40 at a flow rate 1 mlmin -1 . Eluted components were detected at 324 nm. The method showed good linearity for Pirfenidone in the range of 50-250ng mL -1 , Y=54.97x -349.5and correlation coefficient R 2 is 0.998 respectively. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) were found to be 12 and 20 ng mL -1 respectively.The developed method shows good accuracy and precision. . Accuracy ranges from 98.49% to 99.37% with the precision 6.43% to 7.67% in inter-day method. Intra-day method the accuracy ranges from 98.64% to 99.33% with the precision 5.64% to 6.93 %. For bioanalytical study, parameters like C max, T max, AUC0-t, AUC 0-∞, K eli and T 1/2 are compared by statistical analysis. The maximum concentration (C max ) obtained for pirfenidone before and after food was found to be 1020.76 ng mL -1 and 836.5ng mL -1 respectively. The half life (T 1/2 ) of pirfenidone before and after food were calculated and found to be 2.732158 h and 4.009485 h respectively. Area under the AUC was found to be 2510.64ng mL -1 . Elimination rate constant for Pirfenidone was found to be 0.004228 h -1 and 0.002881 h -1 respectively. This method was successfully applied to the bioavailability study of pirfenidone