Game of Cruxes : co-designing a game for scientists and stakeholders for identifying joint problems

Scientists increasingly cross their disciplinary boundaries and connect with local stakeholders to jointly solve complex problems. Working with stakeholders means higher legitimacy and supports practical impact of research. Games provide a tool to achieve such transdisciplinary collaboration. In this paper, we explore the use of a game in a participatory project where scientists and local stakeholders are seeking and defining a joint problem. The literature is clear that this step is essential but remains short on concrete methods. Here, we explore this potential in practice. We conducted parallel participatory processes in two alpine regions considered as socio-ecological system (SES) in Switzerland and France, both vulnerable to global change. Based on these two case studies, we co-constructed a game, integrating scientific concerns about key land use, climate change and socio-economic elements of a mountain SES (tourism, agriculture, housing and demography). With the game, we assessed the existence of joint problems connecting scientific and local interests. The game successfully engaged participants at both sites over 11 game sessions, showing potential of use in other transdisciplinary settings. By covering a wide array of issues, the game created a discussion space for listing problems and identifying where scientist and stakeholder interests overlap. In Switzerland, the game revealed no pressing joint problem to be addressed. In France, game sessions revealed, among other problems, an enduring and complex issue regarding the co-existence of inhabitants and powerful institutions. Having demonstrated the capacity of this game for joint-problem assessment, we believe other participatory research in similar SES could benefit from an early use of such an approach to frame the potential for collaboration

Binocular rivalry in children with schizophrenia: the conscious and unconscious cognitive processing of interpersonal information

背景: 儿童期精神分裂是一种严重的精神障碍，有理论认为其认知功能无论是意识水平还是潜意识水平都存在异常。但目前尚无针对儿童期精神分裂的潜意识认知功能研究。 目的: 开发新的双眼竞争测验版本，用于评估个体在意识和潜意识状态下对人际交往信息的认知加工过程，并依此判断儿童期精神分裂症患者的社会认知功能是否受损。 方法: 选取3种不同类型的图片（图片中无人物、有2~3个人物、有4个及以上的人物）共30张，这些图片在双眼竞争测验不可见模式（存在双眼竞争性抑制，反映潜意识状态下认知加工）和可见模式（无双眼竞争性抑制，反映意识状态下）中展示。对15名年龄&le;16岁、以妄想为主要症状的精神分裂症患者及15名健康儿童进行双眼竞争测验，通过对目标图片出现后立即在其左侧或右侧出现光栅的方向的判别来比较两组儿童的正确率，并比较两组间的反应时间。 结果: 患者组对所有类型图片中光栅方向判断的正确率均低于对照组，但是12对比较中仅2对的差异有统计学意义。与对照组相比，无论是在可见模式还是非可见模式下，患者对人物图片的注意要比对无人图片的注意有所增加，但无显著性意义。我们并未发现精神病性症状的严重程度与对图像认知加工的受损程度之间存在任何关联。当要求被试对三组图片进行评分时，患者组对存在2~3个人物的图片报告的高兴程度明显高于对照组的评分，差异有统计学意义。 结论: 儿童期精神分裂症患者对描绘人际关系的图片注意一定程度的增加，提示该病与社会信息的认知处理过程受损相关，但目前结果尚不能证实这一关系。我们将双眼竞争范式应用于认知功能差异的研究，只是取得部分的成功，其主要原因是该测验中对不同类型图片的反应注意量的关键指标存在较大的变异。</p