Ajuste al retiro laboral en función del tipo de retiro y su voluntariedad desde una perspectiva de género [Retirement fit as a function of the retirement type and voluntariness: a gender view]

En el presente trabajo examinamos el ajuste al retiro laboral, examinando la satisfacción con la jubilación y bienestar psicológico en una muestra de 260 prejubilados y jubilados. Se consideraron tres factores: el tipo de retiro (prejubilación o jubilación), la percepción de la medida en que la salida del rol laboral fue voluntaria (voluntariedad) y el género. Los resultados muestran que las personas que se jubilaron y que lo hicieron voluntariamente perciben mayores niveles de satisfacción con la jubilación y bienestar psicológico en comparación con los que se prejubilaron y aquellos que lo hicieron obligatoriamente, respectivamente. Además se puso de manifiesto la interacción entre las variables consideradas en sus efectos sobre la satisfacción y el bienestar. En esta línea, entre los obligatoriamente prejubilados, las mujeres experimentan menor nivel de satisfacción con la jubilación que los hombres. Sin embargo, entre los obligatoriamente jubilados, son los hombres los que experimentan menor nivel de satisfacción con la jubilación. En relación a dichos resultados, el presente trabajo subraya la importancia de estudiar e intervenir sobre la mejora del ajuste en la experiencia del retiro laboral atendiendo tanto a las características de género como a las del proceso de transición (jubilación-prejubilación, voluntariedad-obligatoriedad). ABSTRACT: The present study analyses the adjustment to retirement in terms of satisfaction and psychological well-being in a sample of 270 early and on-time retirees. Three factors were taken into consideration -type of retirement (early vs on-time retirement), perception of the extent to which retirement was retiro laboral, (voluntariness) and gender. The results show that participants who retired on-time and whose decision was taken voluntarily perceive higher levels of satisfaction with retirement and psychological well-being when compared to early retirees and to those who perceive retirement as obligatory respectively. Results also show an interaction between the three factors in the impact of retirement on satisfaction and wellbeing. Among obligatory early retired, women experience lower levels of satisfaction with retirement compared to men. However, among the obligatory on-time retirees, men perceive lower levels of satisfaction with retirement than women. Based on these findings, this study emphasizes the importance of examining and intervening in retirement fit, taking into consideration the characteristics of both gender and transition process -i.e., early vs on-time retirement and voluntary vs obligatory retirement

Atherogenic, fibrotic and glucose utilising actions of glucokinase activators on vascular endothelium and smooth muscle

Pharmaceutical interventions for diabetes aim to control glycaemia and to prevent the development of complications, such as cardiovascular diseases. Some anti-hyperglycaemic drugs have been found to have adverse cardiovascular effects in their own right, limiting their therapeutic role. Glucokinase activity in the pancreas is critical in enhancing insulin release in response to hyperglycaemia. Glucokinase activators (GKAs) are novel agents for diabetes which act by enhancing the formation of glucose-6-phosphate leading to increased insulin production and subsequent suppression of blood glucose. Little, however, is known about the direct effects of GKAs on cardiovascular cells.Methods: The effect of the GKAs RO28-1675 and Compound A on glucose utilisation in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) and rat MIN6 was observed by culturing the cells at high and low glucose concentration in the presence and absence of the GKAs and measuring glucose consumption. The effect of RO28-1675 at various concentrations on glucose-dependent signalling in BAEC was observed by measuring Smad2 phosphorylation by Western blotting. The effect of RO28-1675 on TGF-ß stimulated proteoglycan synthesis was measured by 35S-SO4 incorporation and assessment of proteoglycan size by SDS-PAGE. The effects of RO28-1675 on TGF-ß mediated Smad2C phosphorylation in BAEC was observed by measurement of pSmad2C levels. The direct actions of RO28-1675 on vascular reactivity were observed by measuring arteriole tone and lumen diameter

Optimized unconventional superconductivity in a molecular Jahn-Teller metal

Understanding the relationship between the superconducting, the neighboring insulating, and the normal metallic state above Tc is a major challenge for all unconventional superconductors. The molecular A3C60 fulleride superconductors have a parent antiferromagnetic insulator in common with the atom-based cuprates, but here, the C603– electronic structure controls the geometry and spin state of the structural building unit via the on-molecule Jahn-Teller effect. We identify the Jahn-Teller metal as a fluctuating microscopically heterogeneous coexistence of both localized Jahn-Teller–active and itinerant electrons that connects the insulating and superconducting states of fullerides. The balance between these molecular and extended lattice features of the electrons at the Fermi level gives a dome-shaped variation of Tc with interfulleride separation, demonstrating molecular electronic structure control of superconductivity

National single-step genomic method that integrates multi-national genomic information

The aim of this paper was to develop a national single-step genomic BLUP that integrates multi-national genomic estimated breeding values (EBV) and associated reliabilities without double counting dependent data contributions from the different evaluations. Simultaneous use of all data, including phenotypes, pedigree, and genotypes, is a condition to obtain unbiased EBV. However, this condition is not always fully met, mainly due to unavailability of foreign raw data for imported animals. In dairy cattle genetic evaluations, this issue is traditionally tackled through the multiple across-country evaluation (MACE) of sires, performed by Interbull Centre (Uppsala, Sweden). Multiple across-country evaluation regresses all the available national information onto a joint pedigree to obtain country-specific rankings of all sires without sharing the raw data. In the context of genomic selection, the issue is handled by exchanging sire genotypes and by using MACE information (i.e., MACE EBV and reliabilities), as a valuable source of “phenotypic” data. Although all the available data are considered, these “multi-national” genomic evaluations use multi-step methods assuming independence of various sources of information, which is not met in all situations. We developed a method that handles this by single-step genomic evaluation that jointly (1) uses national phenotypic, genomic, and pedigree data; (2) uses multi-national genomic information; and (3) avoids double counting dependent data contributions from an animal’s own records and relatives’ records. The method was demonstrated by integrating multi-national genomic EBV and reliabilities of Brown Swiss sires, included in the InterGenomics consortium at Interbull Centre, into the national evaluation in Slovenia. The results showed that the method could (1) increase reliability of a national (genomic) evaluation; (2) provide consistent ranking of all animals: bulls, cows, and young animals; and (3) increase the size of a genomic training population. These features provide more efficient and transparent selection throughout a breeding program

Alzheimer\u27s disease and vascular dementia in developing countries: prevalence, management, and risk factors

Despite mortality due to communicable diseases, poverty, and human conflicts, dementia incidence is destined to increase in the developing world in tandem with the ageing population. Current data from developing countries suggest that age-adjusted dementia prevalence estimates in 65 year olds are high (≥5%) in certain Asian and Latin American countries, but consistently low (1–3%) in India and sub-Saharan Africa; Alzheimer\u27s disease accounts for 60% whereas vascular dementia accounts for ∼30% of the prevalence. Early-onset familial forms of dementia with single-gene defects occur in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Illiteracy remains a risk factor for dementia. The APOE ε4 allele does not influence dementia progression in sub-Saharan Africans. Vascular factors, such as hypertension and type 2 diabetes, are likely to increase the burden of dementia. Use of traditional diets and medicinal plant extracts might aid prevention and treatment. Dementia costs in developing countries are estimated to be US$73 billion yearly, but care demands social protection, which seems scarce in these regions

ES-Cell Derived Hematopoietic Cells Induce Transplantation Tolerance

Background: Bone marrow cells induce stable mixed chimerism under appropriate conditioning of the host, mediating the induction of transplantation tolerance. However, their strong immunogenicity precludes routine use in clinical transplantation due to the need for harsh preconditioning and the requirement for toxic immunosuppression to prevent rejection and graft-versus-host disease. Alternatively, embryonic stem (ES) cells have emerged as a potential source of less immunogenic hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). Up till now, however, it has been difficult to generate stable hematopoietic cells from ES cells. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here, we derived CD45 + HPCs from HOXB4-transduced ES cells and showed that they poorly express MHC antigens. This property allowed their long-term engraftment in sublethally irradiated recipients across MHC barriers without the need for immunosuppressive agents. Although donor cells declined in peripheral blood over 2 months, low level chimerism was maintained in the bone marrow of these mice over 100 days. More importantly, chimeric animals were protected from rejection of donor-type cardiac allografts. Conclusions: Our data show, for the first time, the efficacy of ES-derived CD45 + HPCs to engraft in allogenic recipient

Characterization of Developmental Pathway of Natural Killer Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells In Vitro

In vitro differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells is often used to study hematopoiesis. However, the differentiation pathway of lymphocytes, in particular natural killer (NK) cells, from ES cells is still unclear. Here, we used a multi-step in vitro ES cell differentiation system to study lymphocyte development from ES cells, and to characterize NK developmental intermediates. We generated embryoid bodies (EBs) from ES cells, isolated CD34(+) EB cells and cultured them on OP9 stroma with a cocktail of cytokines to generate cells we termed ES-derived hematopoietic progenitors (ES-HPs). EB cell subsets, as well as ES-HPs derived from EBs, were tested for NK, T, B and myeloid lineage potentials using lineage specific cultures. ES-HPs derived from CD34(+) EBs differentiated into NK cells when cultured on OP9 stroma with IL-2 and IL-15, and into T cells on Delta-like 1-transduced OP9 (OP9-DL1) with IL-7 and Flt3-L. Among CD34(+) EB cells, NK and T cell potentials were detected in a CD45(−) subset, whereas CD45(+) EB cells had myeloid but not lymphoid potentials. Limiting dilution analysis of ES-HPs generated from CD34(+)CD45(−) EB cells showed that CD45(+)Mac-1(−)Ter119(−) ES-HPs are highly enriched for NK progenitors, but they also have T, B and myeloid potentials. We concluded that CD45(−)CD34(+) EB cells have lymphoid potential, and they differentiate into more mature CD45(+)Lin(−) hematopoietic progenitors that have lymphoid and myeloid potential. NK progenitors among ES-HPs are CD122(−) and they rapidly acquire CD122 as they differentiate along the NK lineage