Régime alimentaire de Engraulis encrasicolus (Linneaus, 1758) du littoral de la Côte d’Ivoire

Engraulis encrasicolus est un poisson téléostéen clupéiforme de la famille des Engraulidae. Le régime alimentaire général de E. encrasicolus dans le littoral de la Côte d’Ivoire a été étudié en fonction de la taille des individus et des saisons hydrologiques. Les poissons de 6 à 12 cm de longueur standard sont les captures des sennes de plage et sennes tournantes de septembre 2005 à Août 2006. Six cent dix estomacs ont été analysés dont 404 contenaient des proies et 206 étaient vides, soit 33,80% de vacuité. Ce coefficient a varié en fonction des saisons de crue et de décrue. L’indice de prépondérance (Ip) combinant les pourcentages d’occurrence corrigé (Fc) et pondéral (P) ont été utilisés pour analyser l’importance des différents items identifiés. Le régime alimentaire général est composé de 10 items regroupés en 4 catégories de proies : les copépodes, les cladocères, les macrophytes et les insectes. E. encrasicolus se nourrit principalement de Copépodes (68,14% de Ip) (Thermocyclops decipiens, Centropages chierchiae, temora turbinata et acartia claussi) dans la zone d’étude. Les cladocères, (Ip = 29,5%) sont consommés de manière  importante. Les macrophytes et les insectes sont des proies accessoires. Le régime alimentaire de E. encrasicolus varie avec la taille. Cette variation est une stratégie alimentaire en rapport avec des modifications  ontogénétiques, anatomiques et morphologiques chez les poissons. L’espèce adapte son régime alimentaire en fonction des saisons marines en relation avec la disponibilité des proies.Mots clés : Engraulidae, Engraulis encrasicolus, alimentation, littoral, Côte d’Ivoire

Incorporation du coprah et des cuticules de cacao et d’arachide dans l’aliment du (tilapia du nil( (Oreohromis niloticus, linné, 1758) eleve en etang : Effet sur la croissance et la composition biochimique

Dans le but de réduire le coût de l’alimentation du tilapia en élevage, quatre aliments exogènes pulvérulents dont un industriel (Ivograin) servant de référence (AR) et trois tests locaux (A1, A2 et A3) formulés uniquement à base de sous-produits locaux ont été utilisés. La composition de base des aliments tests est : A1 (cuticules de de fève de cacao, son de maïs, tourteaux de soja et coton) ; A2 (cuticules de graine d’arachide, son de maïs, tourteaux de soja et coton) et A3 (tourteaux de coprah, soja et coton et son de maïs). Tous les aliments titrent environ 28 % de protéines. L’expérience est conduite à la ferme « Blondey » (Côte d’Ivoire) sur des juvéniles de Oreochromis niloticus d’un poids initial de 33,3 ± 0,4 g. Des juvéniles ne recevant pas d’aliment exogène ont servi de lot témoin (At) pour apprécier l’effet de l’aliment endogène. La densité de stockage était de 2 poissons/m2. Trois étangs par traitement ont été utilisés. La ration journalière a été distribuée à 9 h et à 15 h. Après 180 jours d’expérience, les poids moyens finaux ont atteint des valeurs respectives de 273,42 ± 26g ; 295,08 ± 18,5 g ; 352,1 ± 20,7g ; 309,38 ± 22,3 g et 101,06 ± 4 g pour A3, A2, A1, AR et At. Au niveau des aliments exogènes, le meilleur quotient nutritif (Qn= 2,22) et de croissance journalière (1,77 g/jour) ont été obtenus avec A1. Le plus grand Qn (2,88) et la plus faible croissance journalière (1,33g /jour) sont enregistrés avec A3. La comparaison de tous les lots indique que la plus faible croissance (0,38 g/jour) est enregistrée chez les poissons non nourris à l’aliment exogène (At). Les lipides corporels (16 - 17 %) sont plus élevés chez les poissons nourris aux aliments tests que ceux des lots de référence (14 %) et témoins (13 %). Par rapport à l’aliment AR, les aliments tests réduisent le coût de revient de l’aliment et le coût de l’alimentation par unité de prise de poids de 15 - 18 % et 3,1 - 27,4 %, respectivement.Mots clés : Aliments, arachide, cacao, coprah, cuticules, Oreochromis niloticusEnglish AbstractIncorporation of coconut oil cake, cocoa bean shell and peanut skin in diet for nile tilapia (Oreohromis niloticus, linné, 1758) reared in pond : Effect on growth and biochemical compositionIn order to reduce feeding cost of rearing tilapia, four powdered diets including an industrial product (Ivograin) (as reference = AR) and three practical diets (A1, A2 and A3) formulated using local by-products were used. Formulated diets were designated as A1 (cocoa bean shell, corn bran, soybean oil cake, cottonseeds oil cake, premix), A2 (peanut skin, corn bran, soybean oil cake, cottonseeds oil cake, premix) and A3 (corn bran, soybean oil cake, cottonseeds oil cake and coconut oil cake). The four diets contained approximately 28 % crude protein. The experiment was carried out at farm « Blondey » (Ivory Coast) on fingerlings Oreochromis niloticus with an initial body weight of 33.3 ± 0.4g. In addition, fingerlings non-fed with exogenous diet were used as control group to assess the impact of the natural food. The used stocking density was 2 fish/m2. Three replicate ponds were assigned to each of the treatment. Fish were fed twice daily (9.00 h and 15.00 h). After 180 days of experiment, the final body weight observed were respectively 273.42 ± 26 ; 295.08 ± 18.5 ; 352.1 ± 20,7 ; 309.38 ± 22.3 g and 101.06 ± 4 g for A3, A2, A1, AR and At. Considering the four diets (A1, A2, A3 and AR), the best daily weight gain (1.77 g/day) and feed conversion ratio (2.22) were obtained with A1 which were significantly different (p < 0.05) from values obtained for the other groups. The poorest weight gain (1.33 g/day) and the highest feed conversion ratio (2.88) were recorded for A3. The comparison of all groups (A1, A2, A3, AR and At) revealed that the poorest value of the daily weight gain (1.33 g/day) was recorded for the control group (At). Fat deposition was highest (16 - 17 %) in fish fed practical diets, while fish fed diets AR and control fish (At) recorded respectively (14 %) and (13 %). Practical diets reduced the feed cost and feeding cost per unit of weight gain by 15 - 18 % and 3.1 - 27.4 %, respectively.Keywords : Diets, peanut skin, cocoa bean shell, coconut oil cake, Oreochromis niloticu

Effect of diets containing cocoa bean shell and coconut oil cake on the growth of Oreochromis niloticus (LINNE, 1758) in pond

A 180-day feeding trial was conducted at fish farm ‘’Blondey‘’ (Côte d’Ivoire) with Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (LINNE, 1758) to evaluate the effect of cocoa bean shell and coconut oil cake on its growth. Juvenile tilapia (mean weight of 33.16 ± 2.2 g) was fed with a commercial diet (Ivograin) and two formulated diets twice daily (09.00 h and 15.00 h). The used stocking density was 2 fish/m2. Formulated diets were designated as D1 (cocoa bean shell, corn bran, soybean oil cake and cottonseeds oil cake) and D2 (coconut oil cake, corn bran, soybean oil cake and cottonseeds oil cake). All the tested diets contain around 28% protein and each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate ponds to evaluate growth, feed utilization, body composition and cost benefit. Fish fed diet with D1 gave the highest daily weight gain (1.94 ± 0.30 g/day) and the best feed conversion ratio (2.01). The lowest daily weight gain (1.53 ± 0.32 g/day) and the highest feed conversion ratio (2.47) were recorded for diet D2. Tilapia fed with diet D2 and commercial one (Ivograin) displayed similar growth and feed efficiencies patterns. Lipid accumulation was higher in fish reared with diets D1 and D2 compared to reference diet (Ivograin). Diets D1 and D2 reduce feed costs per unit of weight gain by 34.44 and 19.47%, respectively, compared to commercial diet.Keywords: Oreochromis niloticus, feeding, cocoa bean shell, coconut oil cake, growth, Côte d’Ivoire

Activite Photosynthetique Du Phytoplancton Dans Le Barrage Hydroelectrique D\'ayame I (Côte D\'ivoire)

L\'activité photosynthétique du phytoplancton du barrage hydroélectrique d\'Ayamé I a été suivie au cours de six campagnes de mesures sur deux stations (Bakro, Ayamé) afin d\'évaluer son évolution spatio-temporelle et d\'identifier les variables qui la contrôlent. Les mesures de la productivité photosynthétique du phytoplancton ont été effectuées dans la couche euphotique (0-3 m). Les résultats montrent une variabilité temporelle de l\'activité photosynthétique dans les deux stations du lac. Les productivités phytoplanctoniques sont maximales à Bakro et à Ayamé en début de saison des pluies (respectivement 0,35 et 0,81 mg.C.m-2.j-1) et minimales en saison sèche (respectivement 0,18 et 0,43 mg.C.m-2.j-1). Les productivités phytoplanctoniques ont été positivement corrélées aux nitrates (r > 0,8 ; p 0,6 ; p < 0,05), ce qui souligne l\'importance des nutriments dans la productivité du phytoplancton.Photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton in the hydroelectric reservoir of Ayamé I was studied during 6 data acquisition campaigns at two stations (Bakro, Ayamé). The main objective was to monitor spatial and temporal changes in phytoplankton productivity and identifiy potential variables responsible for the changes. Phytoplankton photosynthetic activity was determined in the euphotic layers (0-3m) of the lake. Results show changes in photosynthetic activity with time in the two stations. Maximum concentrations of carbon assimilation were observed during the begining of the rainy season (0.35 and 0.81 mg.C.m-2.j-1 ) and minimum activity during the dry season (0.18 and 0.43 mg.C.m-2.j-1) at Bakro and Ayamé, respectively. The phytoplankton productivities correlated with nitrate (r > 0.8 ; p 0.6 ; p < 0.05) which underscores the importance of nutrients in phytoplankton productivity. Keywords: Activité photosynthétique, phytoplancton, barrage hydroélectrique, Côte d'Ivoire.Agronomie Africaine Vol. 19 (1) 2007: pp. 63-7

Rupture Uterine Par Accident De La Voie Publique: A propos d’un cas.

Un cas de rupture utérine par accident de la voie publique associée à une fracture de l’humérus droit et du bassin est décrit. Les pronostics maternels et foetal sont discutés à la lumière de la revue de la littérature

Hygienic status assessment of dish washing waters, utensils, hands and pieces of money from street food processing sites in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)

During investigations on street food vendors’ materials, seventy samples of three types of dish washing water (E1, E2, E3), eighty-five pieces of money, eighty utensils were collected for microbiological assessment. Hands microbiological status of one hundred twenty-five consumers andseventy sellers were also assessed. The analysis revealed that 100% of E1 washing waters were very impure, while, 44.5% of second washing water (E2) were impure, 44.5% very impure and 11% acceptable. 45.45% of E3 washing water were acceptable, 27.27% impure and 27.27% very impure. The spoons and the dinner plates were sometimes contaminated with unacceptable levels (above 102) of different bacteria such as, coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus (P 0.05). Knives microbiological examination revealed presence of numerous bacteria (8.6 x 105 cfu/knife) such as coliforms, S. Aureus, Salmonella and Shigella. Pieces of money analysis revealed presence of coliforms and S. aureus. These data showing pathogen bacteria in food vending sites indicates hygiene monitoring failure

Composition and antimicrobial activities of the leaf and flower essential oils of Lippia chevalieri and Ocimum canum from Burkina Faso

The essential oils of the air dried leaves and flowers of Lippia chevalieri Moldenke and Ocimum canum Sims from Burkina Faso were analysed by GC-MS. Essential oil of the leaves of L. chevalieri is composed mainly of thymol (27.4%), p-cymene (21.1%), and 2-phenyl-ethyl-propionate (12.6%), whilethe oils from flower is composed of b-elemene (33%), ethyl cinnamate (30.3%) and a-amorphene (12.4%). O. canum leaves and flowers oils consisted mainly in 1,8-cineole (60.1%) and cis, transpiperitol (68.5%), respectively. The antimicrobial activities of the essential oils were evaluated against 9 bacteria by agar diffusion method. The leaves of both plants showed higher activity than their flowers. The leaves of L. chevalieri were active against Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria whereas only Gram positive bacteria were sensitive to the essential oil of the O. canum leaves. Flower essential oilsdid not show any significant activity

Acute Toxicity and Vascular Properties of Seed of Parkia Biglobosa (Jacq) R. Br Gift (Mimosaceae) on Rat Aorta

The authors report here the results of study on Parkia biglobosa seeds used in Burkina Faso for arterial hypertension treatment. Investigations were done on acute toxicity and vascular properties of fermented and roasted seeds. Acute toxicity test using mice, revealed by the intraperitoneal route a lethal dose 50 (LD50) of 1800 mg/kg and 1600 mg/kg of body weight for aqueous extract from roasted and fermented seeds respectively. According to the scale of Hodge and Sterner and that of the World Health Organization, such drugs would be classified lightly toxic. Oral administration (up to 3000 mg/kg) did not induce any death of animal. For the vascular properties, the effects of these products were tested on the aorta isolated from rats. The cumulative administration of extract from roasted and fermented seeds (0.1-10 mg/mL) in an organ bath induced a concentration-dependent relaxation of the aorta pre contracted by phenylephrine, with or without functional endothelium. The extracts (10 mg/mL) inhibited for 100% the contraction induced by phenylephrine. The EC50 values in presence and absence of endothelium were respectively of 5.37 &plusmn; 0.12 and 4.19 &plusmn; 1.02 mg/mL for fermented seeds; for roasted seeds these values were respectively, 5.39 &plusmn; 1.12 and 5.93 &plusmn; 0.95 mg/mL. Nevertheless, low concentration of roasted seeds (1-4 mg/mL) induced endothelium-dependent relaxation and this effect was inhibited by indomethacin (10-5M), and not by L-NAME (310-4M). These experimental results revealed a vasorelaxant effect of P. biglobosa seeds. P. biglobosa seems to act directly on the smooth muscle and via endothelium involving the generation of vasodilatating prostaglandins. This vasodilator effect would be in favor of an anti hypertensive property of P. biglobosa seeds.Key words: Acute toxicity; vasodilator; endothelium; Parkia biglobosa