Tuberculose lymphonodale cervicale chez les enfants vaccines par le BCG

La tuberculose ganglionnaire cervicale est une localisation extrapulmonaire relativement fréquente chez l’enfant. Elle pose essentiellement des difficultés de prévention. L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier les particularités diagnostiques et thérapeutiques chez des enfants vaccinés par le BCG.Matériel et méthodes: Nôtre étude rétrospective porte sur 23 cas de tuberculose ganglionnaire chez des enfants vaccinés, colligés sur une période de 10 ans allant de 2002 à 2011.Résultats : La moyenne d’âge des enfants était de 8 ans. Le délai de consultation était en moyenne de 1 mois. Seize enfants présentaient une polyadénopathie cervicale bilatérale. L’échographie cervicale a objectivé une nécrose intra ganglionnaire dans 17 cas. Le diagnostic de tuberculose ganglionnaire a été confirmé par l’examen anatomopathologique d’une pièce d’adénectomie dans tous les cas. Aucun des enfants n’a présenté de forme grave ou compliquée. Un traitement antituberculeux selon le schéma national a été instauré dans tous les cas. L’évolution a été favorable dans tous les cas.Conclusion : Malgré tous les efforts déployés par notre pays pour la lutte contre la tuberculose, cette dernière sévit toujours à l’état endémique. La vaccination par le BCG a permis de diminuer considérablement le nombre des formes graves mais ne protège pas parfaitement contre cette maladie.MOTS CLES : Tuberculose; enfant; Adénopathie cervicale; Adénectomie.The cervical lymph node tuberculosis is a extrapulmonary form relatively common in children, it poses difficulties essentially preventive. The purpose of this work was to study the diagnostic and therapeutic features in children vaccinated with BCG.Material and Methods: Our study is retrospective including 23 cases of lymph node tuberculosis in vaccinated children, collected over a period of 10 years from 2002 to 2011.Results: The average age of the children was 8 years old. The consultation delay was on average 1 month. Sixteen children had bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy. Ultrasound cervical objectified intra nodal necrosis in 17 cases. The diagnosis of lymph node tuberculosis was confirmed by histological examination of a piece of lymphadenectomy in all cases. None of the children presented with severe or complicated form. All patients were treated according to the national scheme. The outcome was favorable in all cases.Conclusion: Despite all efforts by our country in the fight against tuberculosis, the latter sévie still endemic. BCG vaccination has reduced considerably the number of severe but does not protect completely against this disease.KEYWORDS: Tuberculosis; Child; Cerical adenopathy; Adenectomy

A comprehensive review of quay crane scheduling, yard operations and integrations thereof in container terminals

Over the past decades, container transportation has achieved considerable growth, and maritime trade now constitutes 80% of the global trade. The vessel sizes increased in parallel, up to 21,400 TEU (Twenty-foot-equivalent unit container). Accordingly, global containerized trade reached up to 150 million TEU in 2017 (UNCTAD 2018). This growth brings the need to use scientific methods to manage and operate container terminals more economically throughout the globe. In order to manage container transshipment and to use large vessels efficiently, the docking time at the container port for each vessel should be minimized. The decrease in the docking time enables the vessel to move to its next destination faster, decreasing turnover time and facilitating more containers to be transported. Container terminals can be divided into five main areas as the berth, the quay, the storage yard, the transport area, and the gate. The vessels must be berthed in suitable positions, after which many containers have to be unloaded or loaded via quay cranes, transshipped by vehicles inside the terminal, and stacked by yard cranes to suitable positions, all by using expensive equipment. With the invention of new technologies, the bottleneck at the berth side is almost overcome; however, the yard and the quayside operations have to be further perfected to obtain efficient plans. In this comprehensive literature review study, we aim to combine the literature on both yard and quayside operations, carefully examining independently studied problems as well as integrated ones. General information about port operations and relevant literature is provided. For the quayside, the literature on quay crane assignment and scheduling problems is investigated, whereas, for the yard side, yard crane scheduling, transport vehicle dispatching and scheduling, vehicle routing and traffic control, and storage location and space planning problems are reviewed in depth. In addition to these individual problems, their integrations are also analyzed, relevant publications and their respective contributions are explained in detail. Besides the milestone papers that lead the literature on container terminals, recent publications and advances are also reviewed, and managerial insights and future research directions are identified.Project Evaluation Commission of Yasar University [BAP038]The authors would like to thank the anonymous referees for their invaluable suggestions. This study was supported within the scope of the scientific research project, which was accepted by the Project Evaluation Commission of Yasar University under project number BAP038 and title Solution Approaches for Integrated Liner Shipping Network Design and Container Terminal Operations

Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in stable cardiovascular disease

BACKGROUND: We evaluated whether rivaroxaban alone or in combination with aspirin would be more effective than aspirin alone for secondary cardiovascular prevention. METHODS: In this double-blind trial, we randomly assigned 27,395 participants with stable atherosclerotic vascular disease to receive rivaroxaban (2.5 mg twice daily) plus aspirin (100 mg once daily), rivaroxaban (5 mg twice daily), or aspirin (100 mg once daily). The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death, stroke, or myocardial infarction. The study was stopped for superiority of the rivaroxaban-plus-aspirin group after a mean follow-up of 23 months. RESULTS: The primary outcome occurred in fewer patients in the rivaroxaban-plus-aspirin group than in the aspirin-alone group (379 patients [4.1%] vs. 496 patients [5.4%]; hazard ratio, 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66 to 0.86; P<0.001; z=−4.126), but major bleeding events occurred in more patients in the rivaroxaban-plus-aspirin group (288 patients [3.1%] vs. 170 patients [1.9%]; hazard ratio, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.40 to 2.05; P<0.001). There was no significant difference in intracranial or fatal bleeding between these two groups. There were 313 deaths (3.4%) in the rivaroxaban-plus-aspirin group as compared with 378 (4.1%) in the aspirin-alone group (hazard ratio, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.71 to 0.96; P=0.01; threshold P value for significance, 0.0025). The primary outcome did not occur in significantly fewer patients in the rivaroxaban-alone group than in the aspirin-alone group, but major bleeding events occurred in more patients in the rivaroxaban-alone group. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with stable atherosclerotic vascular disease, those assigned to rivaroxaban (2.5 mg twice daily) plus aspirin had better cardiovascular outcomes and more major bleeding events than those assigned to aspirin alone. Rivaroxaban (5 mg twice daily) alone did not result in better cardiovascular outcomes than aspirin alone and resulted in more major bleeding events