Effect EMIMCl on electrochemical properties based PMMA-PLA hybrid gel polymer electrolyte

The formulation of a hybrid gel polymer electrolyte (HGPE) system comprising of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polylactic acid (PLA) as a hybrid host polymer doped with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) has been successfully prepared in this study with the introduction of an ionic liquid, namely 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIMCl). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to investigate the structural features of HGPEs. The FTIR analysis revealed that the complexation changes the peak intensity at region C = O stretching, CH2 bending, and C-O stretching. Meanwhile, XRD showed that the addition of EMIMCl altered the HGPE properties and formed an amorphous structure. The prepared HGPE sample was examined for ionic conduction properties through electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It shows that by adding an EMIMCl to the PMMA-PLA-LiTFSI HGPE has decreased the activation energy (Ea) and increased the ionic conductivity. The sample containing 15 wt.% has the lowest Ea value of 0.057 eV and the highest ionic conductivity at room temperature of 3.20 10−3 S cm−1. The temperature dependence was studied in the temperature range from 303 K to 393 K, the HGPE systems were found to follow Arrhenius behavior. The effect of EMIMCl content had decreased the viscosity of HGPEs which led to the gel-like type behavior. The potential windows stability analysis revealed that the highest conducting sample was electrochemically stable up to 3.3 V versus Li/Li+, thus showing that the present electrolytes are promising to be applied as in Li-ions battery

Contribution of Li+ Ions to a Gel Polymer Electrolyte Based on Polymethyl Methacrylate and Polylactic Acid Doped with Lithium Bis(oxalato) Borate

In this work, gel polymer electrolyte systems based on a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polylactic acid (PLA) blend that was doped with various compositions of lithium bis(oxalato) borate (LiBOB) were successfully prepared. Several characterizations, which included Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray difraction (XRD), and electrical impedance spectroscopy, were carried out to determine their structural and ionic conduction properties. FTIR analysis revealed that molecular interactions had occurred via Li+ ions in several regions, representing the functional groups of C-O, C=O and C-H stretching of the PMMA–PLA. Moreover, an increase in the amorphous phase upon the incorporation of LiBOB was revealed through XRD analysis. A sample containing 20 wt.% of LiBOB (PPLi20) was found to be the most amorphous sample in this study. This result is in alignment with the ionic conduction properties, showing an increase of ionic conductivity up to the PPLi20 sample, which exhibited the highest ionic conductivity with a value of 1.37 × 10−3 S cm−1. The contribution of Li+ ions towards the enhancement of ionic conductivity was determined through the transport parameter analysis. It was proven that upon the addition of LiBOB, the value of η,μ , and D increased, which signifed the high dissociation of ions. Beyond 20 wt.%, the transport parameters decreased due to the overcrowding of ions

Studies on ionics conduction properties of modification CMC-PVA based polymer blend electrolytes via impedance approach

In this study, the modification of cellulose derivative namely carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and doped with different content of NH4Br based solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) prepared via solution casting method is investigated. The FTIR analysis demonstrated the interaction between CMC-PVA and NH4Br via COO−. The optimum ionic conductivity at ambient temperature is found to be 3.21 × 10−4 S/cm for the sample containing 20 wt% NH4Br with the lowest percentage of crystallinity and total weight loss. The conductivity-temperature relationship for the entire SPEs system obeys Arrhenius behaviour. Besides that, based on the Nyquist fitting analysis, it is shown that the ionic conductivity of the SPEs is primarily influenced by the ionic mobility as well as the ions diffusion coefficient. The H+ transference number obtained using non-blocking reversible electrode is 0.31, which further indicates that the conduction species is predominantly due to the cationic conduction

Evaluation on electrochemical properties of lithium-ion battery–based PMMA-PLA blend incorporation of [EDIMP] TFSI hybrid gel polymer electrolyte

This study focuses on developing a novel hybrid gel polymer electrolyte (HGPE) for lithium-ion batteries. The HGPEs comprise a hybrid polymer of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polylactic acid (PLA), doped with 20 wt.% lithium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide salt (LiTFSI) and incorporated with various contents of ionic liquid, namely ethyl-dimethyl-propylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EDIMP]TFSI) is successfully prepared, and the lithium-ion batteries performance was investigated. This work aims to investigate the influence of the ionic liquid on the electrical properties, cation transference number (tLi+), electrochemical stability window, and charge-discharge performance of the PMMA-PLA based HGPE systems. Among the different samples tested, the HGPE containing 20 wt.% [EDIMP]TFSI (E-TFSI 20) exhibited the most promising results. It achieved an optimum ionic conductivity of 3.90 × 10−3 S cm−1, an increased tLi+ from 0.63 to 0.79, and an extended electrochemical stability window from 4.3 to 5V. Temperature dependence studies revealed that all the HGPE systems followed the Arrhenius characteristic, and their activation energies were calculated. Dielectric studies revealed ionic behavior and suitable capacitance with varying frequencies of the HGPEs system. The most favorable electrolyte was selected based on the highest ionic conductivity observed in each HGPE systems. It was utilized in a Li metalǀHGPEsǀgraphite cell configuration. The discharge capacity of the cells using LiTFSI 20 and E-TFSI 20 electrolytes were measured as 152.06 mAh g−1 and 71.15 mAh g−1, respectively, at a current density of 3.72 A g−1

Irregularities trend in electrical conductivity of CMC/PVA-NH4Cl based solid biopolymer electrolytes

In this present work, solid biopolymer electrolytes (SBEs) system consists of the blended polymer namely carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) doped ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) at different composition from 0 to 10 wt. % were successfully prepared by using casting technique. The electrical conductivity of solid biopolymer electrolytes (SBEs) system was investigated by using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Electrical study shows the highest ionic conductivity in room temperature (303 K) was achieved at 8.86 × 10−5 Scm−1 for sample containing 6 wt. % of NH4Cl. The present system shown unexpected drop after different amount of NH4Cl (1-5 wt. %) were added into the CMC/PVA and its might attributed to the factor of composition of dopant. All SBEs systems were found to be obeys Arrhenius behaviour where the plots show close to unity (R2∼1) and thermally activated

Organic materials as polymer electrolytes for supercapacitor application

Supercapacitors inevitably attract much attention among the scientific community and the general public since they combine the desirable characteristics of batteries and capacitors. The successful development of environmentally friendly supercapacitors is possible thanks to the organic materials obtained from renewable sources that are considered viable alternative materials for a safer and higher energy polymer electrolytes (PE) system. These organic polymer electrolytes (OPEs) are generally materials consisting of carbon and other atoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and halogen. This system is supramolecular in nature and produces high ionic conductivity when doped with ions. There is a myriad of future supercapacitor applications, including their use as supplementary energy sources in the electric grid, electric and microhybrid vehicles, and cell phone base stations. This chapter specifically discusses the recent progress made in the application of OPEs, their performance, challenges, and future directions in the context of supercapacitors

Basic aspects and properties of biopolymers

The consumption of nutritious foods is claimed to confer health benefits and wellness to human beings. The increasing awareness about nutritional needs and health benefits has attracted the attention of researchers, food and drug producers, distributors, health care professionals, and consumers in designing nutraceuticals and functional food products. However, these nutraceuticals and functional food products are hampered by chemical instability, limited solubility in an aqueous medium, and experience fast metabolism that could lead to poor oral bioavailability. These limitations could be overcome by using appropriate biopolymers and assembly methods to encapsulate the bioactive compounds and help to protect the nutraceuticals and functional food products from undesired interactions. Therefore, various attempts have been explored to apply different sources and types of biopolymers as potent ingredients due to their remarkable therapeutic potential. The manufacture and design of these biopolymers must be done in a careful manner to achieve the final products’ desired functional attributes. Researchers must try to meet the requirements of specific basic properties such as physicochemical stability, functional and structural properties, optical and rheological properties, encapsulation, and release properties. Herein, this chapter provides a comprehensive discussion on the design and fabrication of functional biopolymers as a potent substitute in the production of functional food products and nutraceuticals

An investigation on the abnormal trend of the conductivity properties of CMC/PVA-doped NH4Cl-based solid biopolymer electrolyte system

The present work was carried out to investigate the abnormal trend of electrochemical properties of solid biopolymer electrolytes (SBEs) system-based carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-doped NH4Cl. The SBEs system was prepared via solution casting technique and analyzed through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Complexation was observed with the changes of peaks at 1065 cm−1, 1598 cm−1, 2912 cm−1, and 3396 cm−1 that corresponds to C–O–C, C=O of COO− stretching, C–H stretching, and O–H stretching, respectively, of CMC/PVA blend system upon the addition of NH4Cl. The decrease of the amorphousness and the increase of weight loss demonstrated the abnormal observation of the ionic conductivity when (1–5 wt%) NH4Cl was added in the SBEs system which was lower than the un-doped SBEs system. It was also observed that the highest ionic conductivity at 8.86 × 10−5 Scm−1 was achieved by the sample containing 6 wt% of NH4Cl. The temperature dependence of the SBEs system is found to be governed by the Arrhenius rule. Through the IR deconvolution technique, the conductivity of CMC/PVA-NH4Cl SBEs system was shown to be primarily influenced by the ionic mobility and diffusion coefficient of the ions

Irregularities trend in electrical conductivity of CMC/PVA-NH4Cl based solid biopolymer electrolytes

n this present work, solid biopolymer electrolytes (SBEs) system consists of the blended polymer namely carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) doped ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) at different composition from 0 to 10 wt. % were successfully prepared by using casting technique. The electrical conductivity of solid biopolymer electrolytes (SBEs) system was investigated by using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Electrical study shows the highest ionic conductivity in room temperature (303 K) was achieved at 8.86 × 10−5 Scm−1 for sample containing 6 wt. % of NH4Cl. The present system shown unexpected drop after different amount of NH4Cl (1-5 wt. %) were added into the CMC/PVA and its might attributed to the factor of composition of dopant. All SBEs systems were found to be obeys Arrhenius behaviour where the plots show close to unity (R2∼1) and thermally activated

Enhancement on H+ carriers in conduction properties with addition of 1-butyl-3-Methylimidazolium chloride based alginate polymer electrolytes

A solution casting technique was used to fabricate a bio-based polymer electrolytes (BBPEs) system in the form of a solid film that is composed of alginate as the host polymer network, glycolic acid (GA) as the charge carrier, and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl) ionic liquid (IL) as an additive. The peak changes in IR spectra revealed the complexation of adding ionic liquids with the enhancement of H+ carriers, while XRD and TGA studies revealed that adding IL suppressed the crystallinity and improved the thermal stability up to ∼100 °C. The free-standing BBPEs sample exhibited the highest ionic conductivity of 2.03 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 6 wt % [Bmim]Cl composition at ambient temperature and achieved an H+ transference number of 0.47. These results suggested that the addition of ILs as an additive into alginate-based BBPEs is a promising strategy for developing proton-conducting solid BBPEs for use in electrochemical devices