1,453 research outputs found
Minimal energy control of a nanoelectromechanical memory element
The Pontryagin minimal energy control approach has been applied to minimise the switching energy in a nanoelectromechanical memory system and to characterise global stability of the oscillatory states of the bistable memory element. A comparison of two previously experimentally determined pulse-type control signals with Pontryagin control function has been performed, and the superiority of the Pontryagin approach with regard to power consumption has been demonstrated. An analysis of global stability shows how values of minimal energy can be utilized in order to specify equally stable states
Towards bioinspired superhydrophobic poly(L-lactic acid) surfaces using phase inversion-based methods
The water repellency and self-cleaning ability of many biological surfaces has inspired many
fundamental and practical studies related to the development of synthetic superhydrophobic
surfaces. However, the investigation of such substrates made of biodegradable polymers has
been scarce. Simple approaches based on a single step, performed at room temperature (and
pressure), were implemented to obtain superhydrophobic poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) surfaces
via phase inversion-based methods, without addition of low-surface-energy compounds. Water
contact angles above 150â—¦ were obtained using some processing conditions. In such cases
scanning electronic microscopy micrographs of such surfaces revealed a clear rough texture
composed by leafy clusters with micro-nano binary structures. Such materials could be used in
specific environmental and biomedical applications, namely in implantable materials or in
antibacterial or antithrombogenic surfaces
pH responsive biomineralization onto chitosan grafted biodegradable substrates
Bioactive composites that enable the formation of an apatite layer onto the surface are important in
the development of osteoconductive biomaterials in orthopaedic applications. In this work, the surface
of biodegradable and bioactive substrates, composed of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) reinforced with
Bioglass , was modified by coupling chitosan to the surface, using plasma activation. The wettability of
the modified films was analysed by contact angle (CA) measurements as a function of pH. It was
found that this surface property changed significantly with pH. Moreover, the apatite formation on
the surface upon immersion of the modified films in a simulated body fluid (SBF) solution was
analysed at pH 5.4 and pH 7.4 by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy
(SEM/EDS). It was found that such modification, together with the effect of pH, could block the
formation of apatite onto the biodegradable substrate upon immersion in a simulated body fluid
solution when the pH changed to 5.4. On the other hand, a dense apatite layer was formed at pH 7.4.
For the unmodified substrates an apatite layer was formed at both pHs. These results suggest that
the formation of apatite or possibly other kinds of minerals could be controlled by such a smart
surface, in this case pH-responsive
Size dependent line broadening in the emission spectra of single GaAs quantum dots: Impact of surface charges on spectral diffusion
Making use of droplet epitaxy, we systematically controlled the height of
self-assembled GaAs quantum dots by more than one order of magnitude. The
photoluminescence spectra of single quantum dots revealed the strong dependence
of the spectral linewidth on the dot height. Tall dots with a height of ~30 nm
showed broad spectral peaks with an average width as large as ~5 meV, but
shallow dots with a height of ~2 nm showed resolution-limited spectral lines
(<120 micro eV). The measured height dependence of the linewidths is in good
agreement with Stark coefficients calculated for the experimental shape
variation. We attribute the microscopic source of fluctuating electric fields
to the random motion of surface charges at the vacuum-semiconductor interface.
Our results offer guidelines for creating frequency-locked photon sources,
which will serve as key devices for long-distance quantum key distribution.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures; updated figs and their description
Biomimetic polysaccharide/bioactive glass nanoparticles multilayer membranes for guided tissue regeneration
Nowadays, guided tissue regeneration (GTR) research is centred in the development of composite bioabsorbable membranes with enhanced bioactivity and with processing controlled at the nanoscale. Inspired by this new focus of GTR research and also by nacre structure, layered freestanding membranes were produced using the Layer-by-Layer (LbL) deposition technique, combining chitosan (CHI), hyaluronic acid (HA) and bioactive glass nanoparticles (BGNPs). It is expected that the combination of these materials processed by this particular technique will result in nanostructured membranes with enhanced mechanical performance as well as improved bioactivity. Moreover, the effect of the modification of HA with catechol groups (HAD) on the adhesive properties of the membranes was also analysed. The results showed that it was possible to produce biomimetic membranes with different surface properties, improved adhesive strength and the ability to induce the formation of apatite, necessary for the formation of new bone. It was also possible to control the BGNPs content of the membranes by use of HAD instead of unmodified HA and changing the number of BGNPs' deposition steps. Moreover, it was shown that membranes with different concentrations of BGNPs possess different mechanical performance, swelling properties and degradation behaviour, which indicates the possibility to tune the membranes' properties by controlling the deposition of BGNPs onto the membranes
Thermal Transport Imaging in the Quantum Hall Edge Channel
Research focused on heat transport in the quantum Hall (QH) edge channel has
successfully addressed fundamental theoretical questions surrounding the QH
physics. However, the picture of the edge channel is complicated by the
phenomenon of energy dissipation out of the edge, and theories treating this
dissipation are lacking. More experimental data is also needed to determine the
coupling mechanism by which energy leaves the edge channel. We developed a
method to map the heat transport in the QH edge to study the dissipation of
heat. We locally heated the QH edge and locally detected the temperature
increase while continuously varying the distance between heater and
thermometer. We thereby obtained the thermal decay length of the edge state,
which we found to depend on magnetic field strength
Enthalpy relaxation studies in polymethyl methacrylate networks with different crosslinking degrees
Structural relaxation of PMMA networks with distinct crosslink density has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The
crosslinking agent used was ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). The experiments were carried out on heating after the samples have
been subjected to distinct thermal histories, namely isothermal stages at different temperatures below the glass transition temperature for
distinct times and cooling at different rates. These studies revealed a broadening of the glass transition with increasing crosslinking degree
due to the constraints imposed by the crosslinks and suggested the presence of crosslink heterogeneity in the networks. A phenomenological
model based on the configurational entropy concept was used to simulate the structural relaxation phenomenon and to evaluate the
temperature dependence and distribution of the relaxation times of the conformational rearrangements for these networks. The agreement
between the experimental results and the simulated thermograms was quite satisfactory.
In addition, the kinetic fragility of the networks was evaluated from the results corresponding to the thermal treatments at distinct cooling
rates. It was found an increase of the fragility index m with increasing crosslinking degree
Analysis of the thermal environment inside the furnace of a dynamic mechanical analyser
In this work, the thermal environment inside the furnace of a dynamic mechanical analyser was investigated by
putting a standard sample in distinct positions inside the furnace. Penetration experiments were carried out in order to
compare the measured melting temperature of the sample with the theoretical melting temperature. The thermal gradients
were investigated for three distinct modes: compression, three-point bending and extension. In the compression mode
a small variation of the measured melting point was found as a function of the radial distance. However, for both
extension and three-point bending modes quite important variations were measured along the relevant directions. In
the former case the bottom clamp was found to be warmer than the upper one and in the latter mode higher temperatures
are found in the extremities of the samples (closer to the furnace wall). Other factors, such as the influence of the
heating rate and the purge gas flow rate, were also investigated. In the particular case of the extension mode, it was
found that the measured melting temperature decreased with increasing scanning rate. A simple model was used in
order to investigate the influence of the temperature gradients on DMA measurements. For temperature gradients along
the sample length below 10°C the differences in the viscoelastic parameters (tan d, D∗ and E∗) from the homogeneous
case are small when compared with typical experimental errors
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