A Probabilistic Model of Glenohumeral External Rotation Strength for Healthy Normals and Rotator Cuff Tear Cases

The reigning paradigm of musculoskeletal modeling is to construct deterministic models from parameters of an “average” subject and make predictions for muscle forces and joint torques with this model. This approach is limited because it does not perform well for outliers, and it does not model the effects of population parameter variability. The purpose of this study was to simulate variability in musculoskeletal parameters on glenohumeral external rotation strength in healthy normals, and in rotator cuff tear case using a Monte Carlo model. The goal was to determine if variability in musculoskeletal parameters could quantifiably explain variability in glenohumeral external rotation strength. Multivariate Gamma distributions for musculoskeletal architecture and moment arm were constructed from empirical data. Gamma distributions of measured joint strength were constructed. Parameters were sampled from the distributions and input to the model to predict muscle forces and joint torques. The model predicted measured joint torques for healthy normals, subjects with supraspinatus tears, and subjects with infraspinatus–supraspinatus tears with small error. Muscle forces for the three conditions were predicted and compared. Variability in measured torques can be explained by differences in parameter variability.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/44005/1/10439_2005_Article_9045.pd

Face Recognition by Combining Neural Network based on Mixture of Experts

This paper proposed a new method for face recognition with principal component analysis in the feature extraction phase, and devised a modified version of Mixture of Experts in which each expert is an MLP, instead of linear networks in order to improve the performance of the expert networks, and consequently the whole network performance; Therewith, we use a Momentum term in training the MLP experts, which speeds up the adjustment of weight greatly. We explore three different Mixture of Experts constructing a neural network. Our proposed model, achieved a correct recognition rate on Yale and ORL datasets. Comparisons with other algorithms demonstrate that our method performs better in terms of higher recognition rate, with smaller number of epochs in human face recognition

Isolation and characterization of the fall Chinook aquareovirus

Abstract Background Salmon are paramount to the economy, ecology, and history of the Pacific Northwest. Viruses constitute one of the major threats to salmon health and well-being, with more than twenty known virus species that infect salmon. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of the fall Chinook aquareovirus, a divergent member of the species Aquareovirus B within the family Reoviridae. Methods The virus was first found in 2014 as part of a routine adult broodstock screening program in which kidney and spleen tissue samples from healthy-appearing, adult fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) returning to a hatchery in Washington State produced cytopathic effects when inoculated onto a Chinook salmon embryo cell line (CHSE-214). The virus was not able to be confirmed by an RT-PCR assay using existing aquareovirus pan-species primers, and instead was identified by metagenomic next-generation sequencing. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing was used to recover the full genome and completed using 3′ RACE. Results The genome of the fall Chinook aquareovirus contains 11 segments of double-stranded RNA totaling 23.3 kb, with each segment flanked by the canonical sequence termini found in the aquareoviruses. Sequence comparisons and a phylogenetic analysis revealed a nucleotide identity of 63.2% in the VP7 gene with the Green River Chinook virus, placing the new isolate in the species Aquareovirus B. A qRT-PCR assay was developed targeting the VP2, which showed rapid growth of the isolate during the initial 5 days in culture using CHSE-214 cells. Conclusions This sequence represents the first complete genome of an Aquareovirus B species. Future studies will be required to understand the potential pathogenicity and epidemiology of the fall Chinook aquareovirus

Authentic Modeling of Human Respiratory Virus Infection in Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Lung Organoids

Respiratory viruses are among the first pathogens encountered by young children, and the significant impact of these viral infections on the developing lung is poorly understood. Circulating viruses are suited to the environment of the human lung and are different from those of viruses grown in cultured cells. We modeled respiratory virus infections that occur in children or infect the distal lung using lung organoids that represent the entire developing infant lung. These 3D lung organoids, derived from human pluripotent stem cells, develop into branching airway and alveolar structures and provide a tissue environment that maintains the authentic viral genome. The lung organoids can be genetically engineered prior to differentiation, thereby generating tissues bearing or lacking specific features that may be relevant to viral infection, a feature that may have utility for the study of host-pathogen interaction for a range of lung pathogens.Infectious viruses so precisely fit their hosts that the study of natural viral infection depends on host-specific mechanisms that affect viral infection. For human parainfluenza virus 3, a prevalent cause of lower respiratory tract disease in infants, circulating human viruses are genetically different from viruses grown in standard laboratory conditions; the surface glycoproteins that mediate host cell entry on circulating viruses are suited to the environment of the human lung and differ from those of viruses grown in cultured cells. Polarized human airway epithelium cultures have been used to represent the large, proximal airways of mature adult airways. Here we modeled respiratory virus infections that occur in children or infect the distal lung using lung organoids that represent the entire developing infant lung. These 3D lung organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells contain mesoderm and pulmonary endoderm and develop into branching airway and alveolar structures. Whole-genome sequencing analysis of parainfluenza viruses replicating in the organoids showed maintenance of nucleotide identity, suggesting that no selective pressure is exerted on the virus in this tissue. Infection with parainfluenza virus led to viral shedding without morphological changes, while respiratory syncytial virus infection induced detachment and shedding of infected cells into the lung organoid lumens, reminiscent of parainfluenza and respiratory syncytial virus in human infant lungs. Measles virus infection, in contrast, induced syncytium formation. These human stem cell-derived lung organoids may serve as an authentic model for respiratory viral pathogenesis in the developing or infant lung, recapitulating respiratory viral infection in the host

Authentic modeling of human respiratory virus infection in human pluripotent stem cell-derived lung organoids

Infectious viruses so precisely fit their hosts that the study of natural viral infection depends on host-specific mechanisms that affect viral infection. For human parainfluenza virus 3, a prevalent cause of lower respiratory tract disease in infants, circulating human viruses are genetically different from viruses grown in standard laboratory conditions; the surface glycoproteins that mediate host cell entry on circulating viruses are suited to the environment of the human lung and differ from those of viruses grown in cultured cells. Polarized human airway epithelium cultures have been used to represent the large, proximal airways of mature adult airways. Here we modeled respiratory virus infections that occur in children or infect the distal lung using lung organoids that represent the entire developing infant lung. These 3D lung organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells contain mesoderm and pulmonary endoderm and develop into branching airway and alveolar structures. Whole-genome sequencing analysis of parainfluenza viruses replicating in the organoids showed maintenance of nucleotide identity, suggesting that no selective pressure is exerted on the virus in this tissue. Infection with parainfluenza virus led to viral shedding without morphological changes, while respiratory syncytial virus infection induced detachment and shedding of infected cells into the lung organoid lumens, reminiscent of parainfluenza and respiratory syncytial virus in human infant lungs. Measles virus infection, in contrast, induced syncytium formation. These human stem cell-derived lung organoids may serve as an authentic model for respiratory viral pathogenesis in the developing or infant lung, recapitulating respiratory viral infection in the host. IMPORTANCE Respiratory viruses are among the first pathogens encountered by young children, and the significant impact of these viral infections on the developing lung is poorly understood. Circulating viruses are suited to the environment of the human lung and are different from those of viruses grown in cultured cells. We modeled respiratory virus infections that occur in children or infect the distal lung using lung organoids that represent the entire developing infant lung. These 3D lung organoids, derived from human pluripotent stem cells, develop into branching airway and alveolar structures and provide a tissue environment that maintains the authentic viral genome. The lung organoids can be genetically engineered prior to differentiation, thereby generating tissues bearing or lacking specific features that may be relevant to viral infection, a feature that may have utility for the study of host-pathogen interaction for a range of lung pathogens