The domain and interpretation of utility functions: An exploration

This paper proposes an exploration of the methodology of utility functions that distinguishes interpretation from representation. While representation univocally assigns numbers to the entities of the domain of utility functions, interpretation relates these entities with empirically observable objects of choice. This allows us to make explicit the standard interpretation of utility functions which assumes that two objects have the same utility if and only if the individual is indifferent among them. We explore the underlying assumptions of such an hypothesis and propose a non-standard interpretation according to which objects of choice have a well-defined utility although individuals may vary in the way they treat these objects in a specific context. We provide examples of such a methodological approach that may explain some reversal of preferences and suggest possible mathematical formulations for further research.Utility, representaion, interpretation, preference reversal

Ethics outside, within or beyond OR models

Since ethical concerns are calling for more attention within Operational Research, we present three approaches to combine Operational Research models with ethics. Our intention is to clarify the trade-offs faced by the OR community, in particular the tension between the scientific legitimacy of OR models (ethics outside OR models) and the integration of ethics within models (ethics within OR models). Presenting and discussing an approach that combines OR models with the process of OR (ethics beyond OR models), we suggest rigorous ways to express the relation between ethics and OR models. As our work is exploratory, we are trying to avoid a dogmatic attitude and call for further research. We argue that there are interesting avenues for research at the theoretical, methodological and applied levels and that the OR community can contribute to an innovative, constructive and responsible social dialogue about its ethics.Ethics, models, processes, OR

Selectivity and Metaplasticity in a Unified Calcium-Dependent Model

A unified, biophysically motivated Calcium-Dependent Learning model has been shown to account for various rate-based and spike time-dependent paradigms for inducing synaptic plasticity. Here, we investigate the properties of this model for a multi-synapse neuron that receives inputs with different spike-train statistics. In addition, we present a physiological form of metaplasticity, an activity-driven regulation mechanism, that is essential for the robustness of the model. A neuron thus implemented develops stable and selective receptive fields, given various input statistic

The strategic decentralization of reverse channels and price discrimination through buyback payments

Record-last-verified: 28-11-0

Expert’s comment concerning Grand Rounds case entitled “Closing–Opening Wedge Osteotomy for Severe, Rigid Thoraco-Lumbar Post-tubercular Kyphosis” (by S. Rajasekaran, P. Rishimugesh Kanna and Ajoy Prasad Shetty)

Prevention or correction of severe kyphotic deformity in addition to eradication of the infective focus has become the modern standard of management of tuberculosis of the spine. Circumferential excision of the kyphus is now technically feasible with the development of rigid pedicle screw fixation system and intraoperative spinal cord monitoring in the past two decades

Transition to the circular economy: the story of four case companies

Shifting from a linear sales model to a circular service-based business model is far from straightforward. Many challenges accrue in the transition process, including finding the right market for the recirculated product/service, setting up the reverse supply chain, selecting the right partners, and making sure the new business model is sustainable in the short, medium and long term. This paper discusses the challenges of four companies trying to close the loop while preserving current profit levels. It describes their initial ideas on how the circular business model should be designed, the process they went through, challenges faced, and the eventual outcome. Based on the learnings of the four case companies, we summarise recommendations about preparatory steps required before making the transition towards a circular business model

How Tony’s chocolonely created a purpose-driven (and profitable) supply chain

Supply chains in commodity industries are often characterized by social and environmental abuse. In the cocoa industry, for example, the average farmer cultivates between three and five hectares to earn less than two dollars a day. It is an environment rife with social and environmental abuse. In this article, the authors look at the experience of Tony’s Chocolonely, a Dutch chocolate brand founded in 2005, which set itself a mission to sell 100% slavery-free chocolate. They show how Tony’s brought its supply chain partners together to create an altogether new paradigm in which all actors take responsibility for social impact. And it really works: Tony’s profitably sells around $130 million worth of slavery-free chocolate bars in Western Europe and the U.S

Directional optical switching and transistor functionality using optical parametric oscillation in a spinor polariton fluid

Over the past decade, spontaneously emerging patterns in the density of polaritons in semiconductor microcavities were found to be a promising candidate for all-optical switching. But recent approaches were mostly restricted to scalar fields, did not benefit from the polariton's unique spin-dependent properties, and utilized switching based on hexagon far-field patterns with 60{\deg} beam switching (i.e. in the far field the beam propagation direction is switched by 60{\deg}). Since hexagon far-field patterns are challenging, we present here an approach for a linearly polarized spinor field, that allows for a transistor-like (e.g., crucial for cascadability) orthogonal beam switching, i.e. in the far field the beam is switched by 90{\deg}. We show that switching specifications such as amplification and speed can be adjusted using only optical means

Biokennisbericht #29: Zuivel en Rundvlees. Thema: Kruiden en de mineralenvoorziening

Mineralen zijn nodig voor een goede weerstand, gezondheid, groei en productie van melkvee. Melkvee dat krachtvoer krijgt, heeft niet snel tekorten aan mineralen. Echter, rantsoenen van uitsluitend ruwvoeder leveren vaak onvoldoende mineralen. Met name de koper- en seleniumvoorziening staan in deze rantsoenen onder druk. Door ruwvoerrijke rantsoenen moeten biologische bedrijven dus extra aandacht besteden aan de mineralenvoorziening. Kruiden bevatten meer mineralen dan gras. In dit Biokennisbericht meer inzicht in wat men kan verwachten van kruiden voor de mineralenvoorziening van melkvee (schapen, geiten en koeien)