Validation of the Spanish version of the five-item General Self-Efficacy (GSE) scale in a sample of nursing students: Evidence of validity, reliability, longitudinal invariance and changes in general self-efficacy and resilience in a two-wave cross-lagged panel model.

The aim of this study is to validate the Spanish version of the five-item General Self-Efficacy scale in a sample of nursing students, by: 1) offering evidence of validity and reliability; 2) studying the longitudinal measurement invariance of the scale; 3) providing evidence on the changes in the levels of self-efficacy that occur after one year of nursing education; and 4) offering longitudinal evidence on the relationship between nursing students' self-efficacy and resilience levels. Nurses' general self-efficacy has been related to both personal and organizational outcomes. In Spain, some competencies the students must acquire during the Degree in Nursing implicitly refer to self-efficacy. For the measurement of general self-efficacy, the General Self-Efficacy Scale is one of the most widely used in Europe. A longitudinal design was used. Research took place at the University of Valencia and the University of the Balearic Islands (Spain). Participants were 324 nursing students, in the first year of the Nursing Degree. The five-item General Self-Efficacy scale and the Brief Resilience Coping Scale were used. Analyses included descriptive statistics, reliability estimates, confirmatory factor analysis, a longitudinal measurement invariance routine and several competing cross-lagged models. Evidence of reliability shown by the scale was adequate and a one-factor solution for the structure was found. Additionally, the five-item GSE showed evidence of invariance over time. A causal effect of self-efficacy on nursing students' levels of resilience was found. The Spanish version of the five-item General Self-Efficacy scale is a brief instrument that can contribute to the assessment of some of the basic competencies of the Degree in Nursing, which improve during their education and how these changes are related to other skills important for the nursing profession, such as resilience

Structural investigation of MOVPE-Grown GaAs on Ge by X-ray techniques

The selection of appropriate characterisation methodologies is vital for analysing and comprehending the sources of defects and their influence on the properties of heteroepitaxially grown III-V layers. In this work we investigate the structural properties of GaAs layers grown by Metal-Organic Vapour Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE) on Ge substrates – (100) with 6⁰ offset towards – under various growth conditions. Synchrotron X-ray topography (SXRT) is employed to investigate the nature of extended linear defects formed in GaAs epilayers. Other X-ray techniques, such as reciprocal space mapping (RSM) and triple axis ω-scans of (00l)-reflections (l = 2, 4, 6) are used to quantify the degree of relaxation and presence of antiphase domains (APDs) in the GaAs crystals. The surface roughness is found to be closely related to the size of APDs formed at the GaAs/Ge heterointerface, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), as well as atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

Structural investigation of MOVPE-Grown GaAs on Ge by X-ray techniques

The selection of appropriate characterisation methodologies is vital for analysing and comprehending the sources of defects and their influence on the properties of heteroepitaxially grown III-V layers. In this work we investigate the structural properties of GaAs layers grown by Metal-Organic Vapour Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE) on Ge substrates – (100) with 6⁰ offset towards – under various growth conditions. Synchrotron X-ray topography (SXRT) is employed to investigate the nature of extended linear defects formed in GaAs epilayers. Other X-ray techniques, such as reciprocal space mapping (RSM) and triple axis ω-scans of (00l)-reflections (l = 2, 4, 6) are used to quantify the degree of relaxation and presence of antiphase domains (APDs) in the GaAs crystals. The surface roughness is found to be closely related to the size of APDs formed at the GaAs/Ge heterointerface, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), as well as atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

Frequency-Dependent Squeezing for Advanced LIGO

The first detection of gravitational waves by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) in 2015 launched the era of gravitational wave astronomy. The quest for gravitational wave signals from objects that are fainter or farther away impels technological advances to realize ever more sensitive detectors. Since 2019, one advanced technique, the injection of squeezed states of light is being used to improve the shot noise limit to the sensitivity of the Advanced LIGO detectors, at frequencies above $\sim 50$ Hz. Below this frequency, quantum back action, in the form of radiation pressure induced motion of the mirrors, degrades the sensitivity. To simultaneously reduce shot noise at high frequencies and quantum radiation pressure noise at low frequencies requires a quantum noise filter cavity with low optical losses to rotate the squeezed quadrature as a function of frequency. We report on the observation of frequency-dependent squeezed quadrature rotation with rotation frequency of 30Hz, using a 16m long filter cavity. A novel control scheme is developed for this frequency-dependent squeezed vacuum source, and the results presented here demonstrate that a low-loss filter cavity can achieve the squeezed quadrature rotation necessary for the next planned upgrade to Advanced LIGO, known as "A+."Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures, to be published in Phys. Rev. Let

Food addiction and its relationship with other eating behaviours among Spanish university students

BackgroundFood addiction (FA) is characterised by symptoms such as loss of control over food consumption, inability to reduce consumption despite the desire to do so, and continued consumption despite negative consequences. The modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (mYFAS 2.0) is a widely used instrument to assess FA.ObjectivesTo validate the Spanish mYFAS 2.0; to analyse the relationships between FA with other eating behaviours, sociodemographic variables, and Body Mass Index (BMI); and to test the eating-related variables that account for the variance in FA.MethodsThe sample consisted of 400 university students (M-age = 24.16, SDage = 6.12; 51% female), who completed the mYFAS 2.0 and measures of eating-related constructs.ResultsA confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported the one-factor structure of the mYFAS 2.0. The scale showed good internal consistency (alpha = .78), and good convergent validity with the mYFAS. FA was related to eating styles, binge eating, and bulimia. No differences in FA were observed between males and females, and there was no association between FA and BMI. In addition, younger participants scored higher on FA than older participants. The eating-related variables explain 54.7% of the variance in FA.ConclusionsThe mYFAS 2.0 is a valid and reliable scale to assess FA in the Spanish population. The positive and significant relationship of variables related to eating (eating styles, binge eating and bulimia) with FA was demonstrated. These variables were indicated by those at high risk of FA. Plain English summaryFood addiction (FA) is characterised by excessive and dysregulated intake of high-calorie foods. Loss of control over food consumption, inability to reduce consumption, and continued consumption despite negative consequences are some of its symptoms. The modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (mYFAS 2.0) is a brief instrument specifically developed to assess FA. The objectives of this study were: (1) to examine the psychometric properties of the Spanish mYFAS 2.0; (2) to analyse the relationships between FA with other eating behaviours, sociodemographic variables, and Body Mass Index (BMI); and (3) to test whether there are certain dietary variables that may be positively related to FA. We were able to provide evidence that the mYFAS 2.0 is a valid and reliable scale for assessing FA in the Spanish population. The positive and significant relationship of eating-related variables (eating styles, binge eating and bulimia) with FA was demonstrated. These variables can be considered to identify subgroups at high risk of FA

Headache during pregnancy : an observational study

Introducción: Las cefaleas primarias (CP) tienen mayor prevalencia e incidencia a menor edad y en su mayoría afectan a mujeres. La predilección femenina puede ser explicada por la relación de la cefalea y las hormonas sexuales, en particular el estrógeno. La migraña es la CP más discapacitante. Diversos estudios demuestran que dicha cefalea mejora durante el embarazo, principalmente en cuanto a frecuencia e intensidad. Objetivo: Caracterizar las CP según su intensidad y frecuencia durante el embarazo, además de valorar aspectos demográficos y clínicos asociados en estas pacientes. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal que analizó al azar mujeres durante el embarazo o puerperio mediato y se investigó el padecimiento de cefalea antes o durante el curso de dicho estado, mediante un cuestionario realizado por médicos del Servicio de Neurología. Se emplearon criterios de la International Headache Society 2018 (IHS) para la clasificación de cefaleas. Se analizaron datos con EpiInfo 7. Resultados: Se incluyeron 102 pacientes obstétricas. La media de edad fue de 27,6 años (DS+/-7). El 47,1% cursaba puerperio, 40,2% tercer trimestre, 7,8% segundo trimestre, 4,9% primer trimestre. El 14% presentaba antecedentes patológicos previos. El 89,2% padecía CP previa al embarazo siendo mayor en frecuencia la cefalea tensional episódica (61,8%). Se observó que hubo mejoría durante el embarazo en el 71,4%.Además se vio que el 12,8% de las pacientes presentaron cefalea nueva durante el embarazo siendo más frecuente la secundaria (8,8%). Conclusión: Entre las pacientes que presentaban CP previa al embarazo se observó que la mayoría mejoró durante el mismo. Además se concluyó que ante la aparición de cefalea nueva durante el embarazo se deberían realizar estudios complementarios ya que la mayoría fue secundaria a patologías graves.Introduction: Primary headache disorders (PH) are pathologies with high prevalence and incidence in young people, affecting women predominantly. Female predilection is associated with the linkage between headache and sexual hormones, mainly estrogens. Migraine is the most disabling primary headache. Some studies have shown that intensity and frequency of migraine tend to improve during pregnancy. Objetive: Describe primary headaches during pregnancy, in terms of frequency and intensity, and assess demographic and clinical manifestations associated with this condition. Subjects and methods: Descriptive, transversal study that randomly analyzed women during pregnancy or mediate puerperium. Existence of headache before and after these conditions was investigated trough a questionary made by physicians of the Neurology Service. International Headache Society 2018 criteria (IHS) were used to classify headaches. Data were analyzed with EpiInfo 7. Results: One hundred and twoobstetric patients were included. Median agewas 27,6 (SD +/-7). 47,1% patientswere in puerperium, 40,2% in the third trimester, 7.8% in the second trimester and 4.9% in the first trimester. Previous medical history was reported in 14% cases. PH prior to pregnancy was reported in 89.2% patients, being episodic tension headache the most frequent (61.8%). Improvement of headache during pregnancy was detected in 71.4% of the cases. There was a 12,8% of new-onset headache during pregnancy, with the secondary etiology as the most frequent cause (8,8%). Conclusion: Most of the headaches previous to pregnancy improve during this condition. New-onset headache during pregnancy must induce to request complementary studies in order to rule out severe secondary etiologies.Fil: Peñalver, F.. Hospital Luis Lagomaggiore (Mendoza, Argentina). Servicio de Neurología y NeurocirugíaFil: Galiana, G.. Hospital Luis Lagomaggiore (Mendoza, Argentina). Servicio de Neurología y NeurocirugíaFil: Delfino, C.. Hospital Luis Lagomaggiore (Mendoza, Argentina). Servicio de Neurología y NeurocirugíaFil: Farfan Alé, F.. Hospital Luis Lagomaggiore (Mendoza, Argentina). Servicio de Neurología y NeurocirugíaFil: Sánchez, C.. Hospital Luis Lagomaggiore (Mendoza, Argentina). Servicio de Neurología y NeurocirugíaFil: Gonzalez, M.. Hospital Luis Lagomaggiore (Mendoza, Argentina). Servicio de Neurología y NeurocirugíaFil: Giner, F.. Hospital Luis Lagomaggiore (Mendoza, Argentina). Servicio de Neurología y NeurocirugíaFil: Rodríguez, N.. Hospital Luis Lagomaggiore (Mendoza, Argentina). Servicio de Neurología y NeurocirugíaFil: Martínez, M.. Hospital Luis Lagomaggiore (Mendoza, Argentina). Servicio de Neurología y NeurocirugíaFil: Ianardi, S.. Hospital Luis Lagomaggiore (Mendoza, Argentina). Servicio de Neurología y Neurocirugí

Quantum-Enhanced Advanced LIGO Detectors in the Era of Gravitational-Wave Astronomy

The Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) has been directly detecting gravitational waves from compact binary mergers since 2015. We report on the first use of squeezed vacuum states in the direct measurement of gravitational waves with the Advanced LIGO H1 and L1 detectors. This achievement is the culmination of decades of research to implement squeezed states in gravitational-wave detectors. During the ongoing O3 observation run, squeezed states are improving the sensitivity of the LIGO interferometers to signals above 50 Hz by up to 3 dB, thereby increasing the expected detection rate by 40% (H1) and 50% (L1)

Degradation mechanism analysis in temperature stress tests on III-V ultra-high concentrator solar cells using a 3D distributed model

A temperature stress test was carried out on GaAs single-junction solar cells to analyze the degradation suffered when working at ultra-high concentrations. The acceleration of the degradation was realized at two different temperatures: 130 °C and 150 °C. In both cases, the degradation trend was the same, and only gradual failures were observed. A fit of the dark I–V curve at 25 °C with a 3D distributed model before and after the test was done. The fit with the 3D distributed model revealed degradation at the perimeter because the recombination current in the depletion region of the perimeter increased by about fourfold after the temperature stress test. Therefore, this test did not cause any morphological change in the devices, and although the devices were isolated with silicone, the perimeter region was revealed as the most fragile component of the solar cell. Consequently, the current flowing beneath the busbar favors the progression of defects in the device in the perimeter region

Quantum-Enhanced Advanced LIGO Detectors in the Era of Gravitational-Wave Astronomy

The Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) has been directly detecting gravitational waves from compact binary mergers since 2015. We report on the first use of squeezed vacuum states in the direct measurement of gravitational waves with the Advanced LIGO H1 and L1 detectors. This achievement is the culmination of decades of research to implement squeezed states in gravitational-wave detectors. During the ongoing O3 observation run, squeezed states are improving the sensitivity of the LIGO interferometers to signals above 50 Hz by up to 3 dB, thereby increasing the expected detection rate by 40% (H1) and 50% (L1)