Mewaspadai dan Merespons Zoonosis Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Disease

EID atau re-ID didefinisikan sebagai infeksi yang baru dikenali dalam suatu populasi atau telah ada sebelumnya tetapi dengan cepat meningkat dalam sebuah insiden atau rentang geografis yang luas. EID dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor yang seringkali bersifat kompleks, termasuk faktor ekologi, human behavior, globalisasi, adaptasi mikroba, dan infrastruktur kesehatan masyarakat (Anderson et al. 2014). EID terus muncul di hampir setiap wilayah di dunia, antara lain: virus Hendra di Australia (1994), virus Nipah sebagai agen penyebab wabah pada babi di Malaysia (1999), sindrom pernafasan akut (SARS) yang menyebabkan pernapasan di banyak negara (2003), virus influenza H1N1 yang berasal dari Amerika Utara yang bertanggungjawab atas pandemi pertama pada abad ke-21pada tahun 2009 (Anderson et al. 2014) dan yang terbaru tahun 2020 terjadi pandemik COVID-19 oleh virus SARS-CoV-2 (Chenetal 2020)

Molecular Biology Review: Tumor Suppressor Gene (P53) as Target for Cancer Gene Therapy

Cancer cells are accumulation of numerous genetic alteration that contribute to tumorigenesis, tumor progression and chemotherapeutic drug resistance. Most of these alteration affect the regulation of the cell cycle. In normal cells, a balance is achieved between proliferation and cell death by tightly regulating the progression through the cell cycle with cell cycle with cellular checkpoints. The accumulation of genetic alterations also contributes to enhanced chemoresistance, resulting from the loss of the ability to respond to DNA damage. The detection of DNA damage is governed by tumor suppressor p53.  Following DNA damage, p53 arrest the cell to allow time for repair, or if the damage is extensive enough, p53 initiates programmed cell death or apoptosis. Loss of these various molecular checkpoint has been found to underlie the development of many tumors because cell cycle progression becomes dysregulated. Therefore a major strategy in gene therapy for cancer has focused on replacing the tumor suppressors in cancer cells. p53-gene therapy remains the most important tumor suppressor strategy being developed and its combination with chemotherapy or radiotherapy may prove to be even more beneficial. However, p53 may not represent the ideal choice for gene therapy in all cancers. In tumor that overexpress MDM2 or have HPV16 E6, other tumor suppressors such as p21 may be more desirable targets of gene therapy because they can bypass the inactivation of p53. Several problem still need to be resolved. First, an efficient vector needs to be designed that cause prolonged high expression of the transduced gene while only targeting cancer cells. Second, further criteria need to be established in scheduling the decision about which tumor suppressor to employ for gene therapy.   Key words: Tumor suppressor gene (p53), gene therapy, cance

Sirkulasi Virus Avian Influenza Subtipe H5n1 Di Pasar Tradisional Di Jawa Timur Tahun 2012 [Circulation of the Avian Influenza Virus Subtype H5n1 at Traditional Markets of East Java in 2012]

Avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 outbreak has become endemic in Indonesia since 2003. The disease does not only cause immense economic losses but it also leads to significant fatality of human being. The existence of traditional markets including live bird trading is suspected to play important role in the spreading and evolution of the virus. The objective of this study was to identify the circulation of H5N1 virus at traditional markets of East Java in 2012 by using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test and virus isolation. As results, this study detected the presence of the H5N1 virus circulating in Gresik, Mojokerto, Lamongan and Surabaya in both of live birds and environmental samples. The successfulness of virus isolation indicated a potential transmission to other hosts, including to human. This study suggests that the improvement of the poultry trading system at traditional markets by implementing sanitation, hygiene and biosecurity is necessary to reduce the burden of virus contamination at the market environment

Identifikasi Virus Avian Leukosis Sub Grup J Pada Peternakan Ayam Petelur Komersial Di Kabupaten Tangerang Tahun 2015

Avian leukosis virus (ALV) is one of causing agents for neoplastic syndrome in commercial chicken farms. There are six sub groups of ALV in chicken including A, B, C, D and E. However, the sub group J (ALV-J) is the most alarmed and anticipated because of its severe economic repercussion. The objective of this study was to identify the presence of ALV-J in the commercial chicken farms in Tangerang District. Two identification methods were utilized including antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ac-ELISA) technique and nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (nRT-PCR) test. As results, the ac-ELISA test detected that most of 150 serum samples from 5 commercial layer farms were positive for ALV in about 86,67%. On the other hand, none of the 60 cloacal swab and 60 albumen samples was positive for presence ALV. Subsequently, testing of 45 serum samples from 5 farms using nRT-PCR showed that in about 20% of these samples were positive of ALV-J. These evidences indicated the circulation of ALV-J with other sub groups in thecommercial layer farms in Tangerang District

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Infectious Bronchitis Antibody in Chickens Using Local Isolate of PTS III

An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for screening of antibody to avian infectiousbronchitis (IBV). Antigen was prepared from whole virus of infectious bronchitis local isolate PTS-III serotype.Optimum dilution with minimum background for antigen concentration, rabbit anti-chicken conjugate and sera indeveloped ELISA were determined 0.4μg/well, 1:2000 and 1:100, respectively. Correlation optical densities (OD)were compared with a standard commercial ELISA (R2=0.933). The developed ELISA has a better sensitivity to hemagglutinationinhibition (HI) test. The developed local isolate ELISA can be used to detect antibody against infectiousbronchitis virus and it is suitable for sample screening at the diagnostic laboratories

Potensi Transmisi Virus Avian Influenza Dari Babi Dan Unggas Pada Peternakan Babi Di Wilayah Tangerang, Provinsi Banten [the Potential of Transmission of Aavian Influenza Virus From Pig and Bird at the Pig Farm in Tangerang District, Banten Province]

Pigs have an important role in the ecology of influenza virus since they are sensitive to influenza viruses from human and avian origin. Influenza A virus has a host specificity, although not absolute, so most of the AI virus circulating in various species is only limited to the species, but sometimes there are interactions between different AI virus species or strain. Farming systems that combine a variety of animal species together in the same or around the sites have an important role in the spread of disease and transmission between species. This study is aimed to investigate the cycle of AI virus in order to determine the potential occurrence of viral transmission among species pig and bird at the pig farm that also raising poultry. Influenza virus was identified by methods of RT-PCR and qRT-PCR. The results showed that the novel H1N1 pandemic virus was detected in one pig farm in Tangerang (Banten Province). The AI/H5 virus is also detected in the pig farm that also raises poultry or poultry/pig farmers and located adjacent each other. The AI virus / influence A is also detected in most of the pigs. Detection of AI viruses that infected in pig farm which kept birds or poultry farm around the pigs farm had potential of AI virus transmission from birds species to pig or vise versa. The pigs could serve as a mixing vessel, thus providing opportunities likelihood of reassortant viruses

Studi Efikasi Vaksin Bivalen AI Isolat Lokal Terhadap Beberapa Karakter Genetik Virus AI Subtipe H5N1

Studi vaksin inaktif bivalen AI isolat lokal subtipe H5N1 terhadap beberapa karakter genetik virus AI H5N1 padaayam layer dan broiler. Vaksin inaktif bivalen dari isolat lokal AI A/Ck/West Java/Smi-M6/2008 and A/Ck/westjava/Pwt-D10-39/2010. Ayam layer dan broiler komersial divaksinasi dengan vaksin inaktif bivalen AI isolat lokal,setelah 3 minggu vaksinasi ditantang dengan virus AI A/Ck/West Java/Smi-Part/2006, A/Ck/West Java/Subang-JAPFA-29/2007 and A /Ck/West Java/Smi-Rahm2/2011. Ayam layer vaksinasi mendapat perlindungan dari morbiditas,mortalitas dan penurunan ekskresi virus tantang dengan tingkat proteksi 90-100% sedangkan ayam layerkontrol mati dalam waktu 2-3 hari, sementara broiler yang divaksinasi tidak mendapatkan perlindungan dari morbiditasdan mortalitas setelah terinfeksi virus AI tantang. Hasil studi memperlihatkan vaksin inaktif bivalen AI isolatlokal subtipe H5N1 mampu memberikan perlindungan pada ayam layer dari infeksi beberapa karakter genetikvirus AI subtipe H5N1

Efikasi Vaksin Inaktif Bivalen Avian Influenza Virus Subtipe H5N1 (Clade 2.1.3. Dan Clade 2.3.2) Di Indonesia

Status of avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 in Indonesia until 2014 is still endemic in poultry and recorded, there were two types clade of circulating H5N1 namely clade 2.1.3 and the new introduction of lade 2.3.2 since the end of 2012. Both of the clade of avian influenza viruses subtype H5N1 (clade 2.1.3 and 2.3.2) caused the the AI vaccination program to control of AI in poultry needs to be evaluated. In this study, we developed a bivalent AI vaccine (which contains clade 2.1.3 and 2.3.2 viruses as a seed vaccine) that adapted with the circulation of AI viruses in the field. Result of the study showed that the bivalent vaccine which developed in this study has good efficacy that was challanged with both of AI clade AI and proven to reduce shedding / viral contamination to the environment. It is expected that the development of bivalent H5N1 vaccine will increase the effectiveness and efficacy of vaccination programs to control highly pathogenic avian influenza disease in Indonesia

The Effect of Tax Planning, Asset of Deferred Tax, Deferred Tax Expense on Profit Management (Case Study of Manufacturing Companies Listed on the Stock Exchange 2013-2017 Period)

The purpose of this research is to know the effect of tax planning, deferred tax asset, and deferred tax expense on earnings management of manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) period 2013 to 2017. The sampling technique used in this study is purposive sampling. Data analysis method used in this research is logistic regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that simultaneous tax planning, deferred tax assets, and deferred tax expense do not have a significant effect on earnings management. Partially tax planning has a significant positive effect on earnings management. Deferred tax assets and deferred tax expense partially have no significant effect on earnings management.     Keywords: Tax Planning, Deferred Tax Assets, Deferred Tax Expense, Profit Management