ASSESSMENT OF THE BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS ON THE FIRST FILIAL GENERATION FROM THE WISTAR RATS FED WITH CALCIUM CARBIDE RIPENED ORANGE.

Purpose and Methods: The use of chemicals for fruit ripening is constantly on the increase and inadvertently, such chemicals are consumed unperceived. The aim of the study is the assess the Biochemical parameters of the Pups from the Wistar rats fed with Calcium Carbide induced ripened orange. Unripe mature oranges were gotten for the parent plant at Ogu, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. The fruits were divided into two; the first group was allowed to ripe at normal room temperature and 1kg of the second oranges wrapped with black nylon were forced to ripe within 48 hours with 10grams of Calcium carbide which was dissolved in 5ml of water in a closed steel bucket. 600g of each groups of the ripened oranges were peeled differently and blended in an electric blender with 350ml/1L distilled water. The juice was filtered with a clean fine sieve and were poured into clean bottles labeled accordingly and stored in a refrigerator for future use. 24 adult Wistar rats [12 male and female of each sex] weighing between 126.9- 213.3g were used. They were acclimatize for two [2] weeks and was fed with standard grower mash with clean water ad libitum. The Wistar rats were grouped into three, [1] Control, of 8 rats [4 males and 4 females] receive normal water and feeds only as placebo. [2] Treatment group I, containing 8 rats [4 males and 4 females] received 5ml/kg of the naturally ripened orange juice [3] Treatment II of 8 rats [4 males and 4 females] received 5ml/kg of the Calcium carbide induced ripened orange juice orally against their body weight for four weeks. The Wistar rats copulates freely during this period. Birthing occurred in the three groups and the Pups were collected weight at birth, at one week and the two week. They were sacrifice at second week and blood sample collected for the Biochemical analysis. Data collected from this study was analyzed as Mean ± Standard Error of Mean [SEM]. Significant difference among the groups was determined as P&lt;0.05; by two-way ANOVA; using Statistical Analysis Program for Social Sciences [SPSS 22.0 Version].&#x0D; Findings and recommendations: The results of this study showed statistically significant increase in the mean AST, ALT, ALP, Creatinine, Urea, Total Biluribin and Lactate Dehydrogenase of the pup of the Wistar rats fed with Calcium carbide forced ripened orange juice in contrast with the control group (p&lt;0.05). There was significant reduction in the mean Albumin, Total Protein and Total Cholesterol in the pups from the Wistar rats fed with Calcium carbide forced ripened orange juice when compared with the control group (p&lt;0.05). In conclusion, there is nutritional programming of Calcium Carbide forced ripened fruit when consumed by a mother and could cause hepatic and/or extra-hepatic toxicity, renal failure, heart failure, coronary heart diseases of the offspring. Thus; we recommend strongly, the abolishment of Calcium carbide as an agent for fruit ripening.</jats:p

Acids and Anions Effects on the Distrubution of Cadmium Between Buffered Aqeuous Phases and 4,4´-(1e,1e´)-1,1´-(Ethane-1,2-Diylbis (Azan-1-Yl-1ylidene)) Bis(5-Methyl-2-Phenyl-2,3-Dihydro-1h-Pyrazol-3-Ol) Solutions

The effect of some acids, anions and auxiliary complexing agents on the extraction of Cadmium (II) from aqueous solutions buffered to pH 7.5 using a chloroform solution of the Schiff base ligand 4,4´-(1E,1E´)-1,1´-(ethane-1,2-diylbis(azan-1-yl-1ylidene))bis(5-methyl-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-3-ol) (H2BuEtP) alone and in the presence of 1-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) butan-1-one (HBuP) after an equilibration time of sixty minutes was investigated. Working concentration of Cd(II) was 50mgL-1, while a range from 0.001M-3.0M was used for acid and 0.001M-1.0M for anions and auxiliary complexing agents. Extraction raffinates were analysed for Cd(II) using Flame Atomic Absorption spectrophotometry and Distribution Ratios. Percentage Extractions (%E) were calculated by difference of Cd(II) concentrations before and after equilibration. The mixed ligands H2BuEtP/HBuP organic phase was a better extractant for Cadmium than H2BuEtP alone but the difference was not significant for all acids, Cl-, Oxalate and Tartrate. The results indicated that at lower concentrations of the acids, anions and auxiliary complexing agents, a releasing effect occurred with improved extraction of Cadmium &gt; 90% in most cases and at high concentrations there was reduced percentage extraction due to masking of Cadmium from formation of stable salts of Cadmium. Comparing results with other those of other metals studied under same conditions showed that multi-metal extraction with the ligand (H2BuEtP) is possible. H3PO4, H2SO4, HCl, PO43-, EDTA and Oxalate all showed theoretical potentials for separating Cadmium from other studied metals with Separation Factors βxy = Dx/Dy close to and above 104.</jats:p

Synthesis and Application of Layered Double Hydroxide for the removal of Copper in Wastewater

Ni-Al Layered double hydroxide (Ni-Al LDHs) with M&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;: M&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; (4:1) ratio was synthesized by co-precipitation method from nitrate salt solutions. The layered double hydroxide was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy/Scanning Electronic Microscopy. The influences of phase contact time, temperature and initial concentrations were investigated to optimize the conditions for maximum adsorption. The experimental data were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and fitted well with correlation coefficient values of 0.9996 and 0.9995 respectively.  The thermodynamic parameters of Isosteric heat of adsorption (DH&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;), Activation energy (E&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;), Enthalpy change (DH&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;) and Entropy change (DS&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;) were calculated to be 18.1KJ/mol, 1.447KJ/mol, -7.135J/mol and 24J/molK respectively. The results shows that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic.</jats:p

Generation-3 Polyamidoamine Dendrimer-Silica Composite: Preparation and Cd(II) Removal Capacity

Generation-3 polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer was implanted on silica to produce a very good adsorbent (G-3 PAMAM-SGA). The composite was characterized and used for the removal of Cd(II) ions from aqueous solution. Kinetic data fit the Lagergren pseudo-second-order model and also follow the intraparticle diffusion kinetic model to an extent, which is an indication that the sorption process is controlled by both mechanisms: intraparticle/film layer and adsorption inside the pores/crevices of the composite. Equilibrium sorption data of Cd(II) on G-3 PAMAM-SGA fit the Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.9993) which is indicative of multilayered adsorption that occurred on heterogeneous surfaces. The ΔG° values for all temperatures studied were negative, which indicated a spontaneous and feasible process. The result implies that G-3 PAMAM-SGA is a promising adsorbent for microscale scavenging of Cd(II) ions in aqueous solutions.</jats:p