Plasmid profile and antimicrobial resistance ratings of enterococci isolates from pigs and poultry birds in Abia state, Nigeria

Our aim was to isolate and investigate the resistance ratings of enterococci poultry and pig isolates to various antimicrobial agents as well as to determine their plasmid profiles. Antimicrobial resistance ratings and the plasmid profiles of Enterococci isolated from poultry birds and pigs were analyzed. Three hundred and thirty enterococci isolates from poultry birds and pigs were obtained from the three zones in Abia State. Antimicrobial resistance ratings, transformation, curing and plasmid extraction for enterococci were done. The result showed that in both animal species multi-resistance to antimicrobials occurred in more than 40% of enterococci isolates. The enterococci isolates were resistant to floxapen (90%), ceprofloxacin (70%) and norfloxacin (80%). It also showed that the organisms were sensitive to lincocin (100%), chloramphenicol (85%) and gentamicin (75%). There were significant differences (P<0.05) in some reactions of some Enterococcus isolates to certain antimicrobial agents especially to chloramphenicol, rifampicin and gentamicin. Some isolates that was sensitive to gentamicin, rifampicin and chloramphenicol during pre-curing were resistant after curing though not significant (P>0.05). There was significant difference (P<0.05) among the isolates during pre-transformation and post-transformation process. Plasmid profile analysis of Enterococcus spp. revealed plasmid DNA bands ranging in size from 800 to 2000bp which appeared as bright bands. Large plasmid were lost during cell storage, some were plasmid less. No correlation could be made between plasmid patterns and antimicrobial resistance. The studies show good prospects for further research in the same area to explore and assign definite cause for antimicrobial resistance and multi-drug resistance.Keywords: Enterococcus spp., plasmid, poultry birds, pigs, antimicrobial resistance.French AbstractNotre but était d'isoler et d'examiner les évaluations des isolats entérocoque des volailles et des porcs aux plusieurs agents antimicrobiens aussi bien que déterminer leurs profils plasmidique. Les évaluations de la résistance aux microbiens et les profils plasmidiques d'Entérocoque isolé des volailles et des porcs ont été analysés. Trois cent trente entérocoque isolats des volailles et des porcs ont été obtenus de trois zones différentes a l'État d'Abia. Les évaluations de la résistance aux antimicrobiens, la transformation durcissement et plasmide extraction pour entérocoques ont été faits. Le résultat a montré que dans les deux espèces animales, multirésistance aux antimicrobiens se produit dans plus de 40% des isolats d'entérocoques. Les isolats d'entérocoques étaient résistants a floxapen(90%), également Ceprofloxacin (70%), et norfloxacin(80%). Il a aussi montre que les organismes étaient sensibles a Lincocin(100%), Chloramphenicol(85%) et la gentamicine(75%). Il y avait des différencessignificatives (P<0,05) dans certaines réactions des isolats d’enterolocoques aux certains agents antimicrobiens en particulier achloramphénicol, a rifampicine et gentamicine. Certains isolats qui étaient sensibles a la gentamicine, a rifampicine et chloramphénicol pendant pré- durcissement étaient résistants après le durcissement bien qu'insignifiant (P>0,05). Il y avait une différence significative (P<0,05) parmi les isolats lors de la pré- transformation et post-transformation. L'analyse du profil plasmidique d'Enterococcus spp. a révélé les bandes d'ADN plasmidique allant de la taille de 800 a 2. 000 bp qui semblait bandes brillantes. Les grands ont été perdus lors de stockage de cellules,, certains étaient moins plasmide. Pas de corrélation entre schémas de plasmides et la résistance aux antimicrobiens. Les recherches montrent de bonnes perspectives pour  des recherches plus approfondies dans la même domaine d'explorer et d'attribuer la cause précise pour la résistance. Aux antimicrobiens et la multirésistance.Mots- clés: Enterococcus spp., Plasmide, Volailles, Porcs, la résistance aux antimicrobiens

Translog Model Of Employment Substitution And Economies Of Scale In The U.S. Steel Industry, 2003

The period of 1963-1988 witnessed a tremendous decline in U.S. steel employment while the real wage rate increased slightly in the industry.  There is a popular notion that the nominal wage rate is the major factor in explaining the declining steel employment.  This study examines the decline in a system of input demand equations based on time series data.  The study identifies a heavy cap-italization in the industry as the driving factor for the steel employment decline.  This result supports the claim that the high wage rate in the industry is backed up by high productivity and therefore is not responsible for the steel employment decline.  Also, the study finds a lot of input substitutions.  The study finds diseconomies of scale in the industry, which may explain the decline of the industry

Sources, Stigmatization, And Alleviation Of Poverty In Albany/Dougherty, Georgia

The objective of this study is to highlight the impacts of and solutions to the major sources of poverty in the City of Albany and Dougherty County, Georgia. White, as well as Black middle class residents, are leaving the City of Albany and Dougherty County to the other Albany MSA counties that are experiencing increase in commercial activities and median family incomes. This movement seems to reflect increasing City vices and very low educational achievements from the public school system. These along with a low consideration of the county for professional careers, lead to depressed business opportunities that cause exit of businesses. Cautiously speaking, depressed employment and a low real average weekly wage earning, a proxy for poverty, explain the poverty. There is a need for specialized micro financial lending especially in the impoverished areas of the county. Poverty is being addressed by some temporary measures. In the long run, individuals’ understanding of how market economy works would resolve poverty

A Study of the Child Abuse and Child Neglect in the Eighties

A directed project submitted to Dr. George Troutt from the School of Education at Morehead State University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for EDUC 610 and for the degree of Master of Arts (M.A.) in Adult and Higher Education by Christopher N. Amaechi in May of 1984

A Study of Weed Controls on Cassava

A directed project presented to the faculty of the Graduate School at Morehead State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Specialist in Vocational Education with emphasis in Agricultural Science by Christopher N. Amaechi in November of 1983

An Assessment of Medicinal Cocus Nucifera Plant Extracts as Natural Antibiotic Phytotherapies.

The natural antibiotic phyototherapeutic value of Cocus nucifera were screened against five bacteria isolates (Staphylococcus. aureus, Escherichia. coli, Streptococcus. pneumoniae, Proteus. mirabilis and Pseudomonas. aeruginosa) using the agar-well diffusion method. The root extracts were screened for antibacterial activities at concentrations of 100ml/ml. The antibiotic value of the extract against the bacterial strains was indicated by the appearance of clear zone of inhibition around the wells. The percentage yield for the various solvent was found to range between 17.32 – 32.60 with ethanol having the highest value (35.60). The susceptibility of the organism to the antibiotic effect of the extract vary among the different organism tested. The highest zone of inhibition was recorded in Escherichia coli (13.08±0.14). While the least was observed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0.08±0.00). Comparison of the antibiotic effect of the extract with some commercial antibiotic. Gentamycin, penicillin and Trimethoprin showed that the commercial antibiotic was found to be more effective in inhibiting the growth of the tested bacterial isolates than the Cocus nucifera extract. Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of saponin, tannis, Glycosides, Alkaloids and flavonoids which has been associated with the antimicrobial activities of several herbs. Thus, these preliminary results support the folkloric claims of cocus nucifera preparations are effective against some disease. Keywords: Natural antibiotic the Phytoetherapies, Cocus nucifera, Phytochemical. Corresponding authors: email: [email protected]

Antibacterial Activity of Azadirachita indica and Psidium guajava Extracts against Three Bacterial Strains.

Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of two Nigerian plant species used in folk medicine were investigated for their antibacterial activities against three bacteria strains: staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa and proteus mirabilis. Phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of some bioactive components like alkaloids, saponin, tannin, glycoside and flavonoids. The plants exhibited antibacterial activity with significant different between the two plants. The most active plant was psidium guajava. Most of the tested plant extracts were active against staphylococcus aureus. Of all extracts, the hot water extract of psidium guajava was the most active (diameter ranges between 3.09±0.14 – 12.14±0.09 mm) followed by its ethanol extract with diameter ranges between 3.07±0.07 – 9.25±0.03mm. Most of the studied plants are potentially a good source of antibacterial agent and have been demonstrated to be important in medicine and in assisting primary health care in many part of the world. Keywords: Antibacterial activity, bacterial strains, Phytochemical components

Exploratory Study Of The Relationship Between Poverty And Crimes In Albany/Dougherty, Georgia

Both the crime andpoverty rates in Albany/Dougherty County, Georgia, are substantially high.  Therefore, the objective of this study is tohighlight the sources of the relationships between poverty and crimes in thisarea.  The paper makes additionalcontributions by exploring the impact of non-market factors of segregation anddiscrimination on poverty in the remote Dougherty County that is also characterizedby both dualistic and restricted environments. The crimes seem to be driven by poverty that is characterized by otherfactors - the remoteness of the county, exit of some big establishments, decliningurban education, increasing unemployment rate, non-harmonized economic environments,and by the presence of teenage pregnancy.  These prevailing adversities have cumulativelysuppressed the real average weekly wage rate, proxy of poverty.  Crimes and poverty control measures areincluded in the study

Who the hell was that? Stories, bodies and actions in the world

This article explores a two-way relationship between stories and the experiential actions of bodies in the world. Through an autoethnographic approach, the article presents a series of interlinked story fragments in an effort to show and evoke a feel for the ways in which stories, bodies, and actions influence and shape each other over time. It offers some reflections on the experiences the stories portray from the perspective of a social constructionist conception of narrative theory and suggest that while stories exert a powerful influence on the actions of our bodies, our bodies intrude on or ‘talk back’ to this process because bodies have an existence beyond stories