"Omics" in traumatic brain injury: novel approaches to a complex disease

Background To date, there is neither any pharmacological treatment with efficacy in traumatic brain injury (TBI) nor any method to halt the disease progress. This is due to an incomplete understanding of the vast complexity of the biological cascades and failure to appreciate the diversity of secondary injury mechanisms in TBI. In recent years, techniques for high-throughput characterization and quantification of biological molecules that include genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics have evolved and referred to as omics. Methods In this narrative review, we highlight how omics technology can be applied to potentiate diagnostics and prognostication as well as to advance our understanding of injury mechanisms in TBI. Results The omics platforms provide possibilities to study function, dynamics, and alterations of molecular pathways of normal and TBI disease states. Through advanced bioinformatics, large datasets of molecular information from small biological samples can be analyzed in detail and provide valuable knowledge of pathophysiological mechanisms, to include in prognostic modeling when connected to clinically relevant data. In such a complex disease as TBI, omics enables broad categories of studies from gene compositions associated with susceptibility to secondary injury or poor outcome, to potential alterations in metabolites following TBI. Conclusion The field of omics in TBI research is rapidly evolving. The recent data and novel methods reviewed herein may form the basis for improved precision medicine approaches, development of pharmacological approaches, and individualization of therapeutic efforts by implementing mathematical "big data" predictive modeling in the near future.Scientific Assessment and Innovation in Neurosurgical Treatment Strategie

Darcy flow and heat transfer of nanoliquid within a porous annulus with incorporating magnetic terms

Current investigation was carried out to analyze the treatment of nanomaterial within a domain which experienced magnetic force. Outer rhombus wall is cold and the inner circle has uniform heat flux and due to these conditions, carrier fluid rotates counterclockwise. Darcy law was used for simulation and Joule heating was neglected in equations. Influences of parameters were discussed in plots and contours and CVFEM has been employed to reach such outputs. Rotational core becomes stronger with the rise of Ra while opposite results have been accomplished with the soar of Ha. In cases with higher values of shape factor, Nu has higher values and a similar trend is reported for Rd. Moreover, Nu experiences 30% reduction when Ha augments. This negative impact becomes more sensible when radiation terms are added in equations. Inclusion of nano powders has a favorable impact on Nu although it has a negative impact on temperature gradient

Impacts of conductive inner L-shaped obstacle and elastic bottom wall on MHD forced convection of a nanofluid in vented cavity

Forced convection of nanofluid in a vented cavity with elastic bottom wall is studied by using an inner conductive L-shaped object and magnetic field. Simulations are performed using the finite element method when the impacts of various pertinent parameters, such as Reynolds number (between 100 and 500), Hartmann number (between 0 and 40), elastic modulus of the flexible wall (between 10 5 and 10 9), solid nanoparticle volume fraction (between 0 and 0.04), size (between 0.1 and 0.4H), inclination (between − 90 and 90) and location (xc between 0.25 and 0.75 H and yc between 0.15 and 0.65H) of the L-shaped object on the fluid flow and heat transfer features, are investigated. It was observed that wall flexibility effects are influential for the configuration with strong convection and maximum of 11 % enhancement in the average heat transfer rate for the bottom wall is achieved. Suppression of the recirculations in the vented cavity and around the L-shaped object is observed with magnetic field. It is observed that impact of magnetic field on heat transfer enhancement is different for different segments of hot wall. When the cases with the highest magnetic field and in the absence of magnetic field are compared, the average heat transfer enhancement of 5.5 % is achieved for bottom elastic wall while 24.5 % of reduction in the average heat transfer is seen for upper hot wall. The overall Nusselt number reduces slightly when the magnetic field strength is increased. Significant impacts of the size, inclination and location of the of the L-shaped conductive object on the fluid flow such as branching of the main flow stream, size of the vortex below the inlet port and heat transfer are observed. 31.6 % rise of the average heat transfer for left vertical wall and 34.6 % reduction of average heat transfer for bottom wall are achieved when the minimum and maximum of the orientation angles are compared. The location of the L-shaped object has a significant impact on the flow and thermal pattern variations. The highest variation in the contribution to the overall heat transfer is seen for right vertical hot wall segment when the Nusselt numbers at the lowest and highest values of the horizontal and vertical locations of the object are compared. L-shaped object was found to be an efficient tool to control the heat transfer features of the vented cavity. Nanofluid inclusion resulted in heat transfer enhancement in the range of 8.5–16.5% while amount of enhancement is different for different hot wall segments either in the absence or in the presence of magnetic field effects. Finally, a polynomial-type correlation for the average Nusselt number of each hot wall segments of the vented cavity is proposed for water and for nanofluid at ϕ= 0.04. © 2019, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary

State space approach for the vibration of nanobeams based on the nonlocal thermoelasticity theory without energy dissipation

© 2015, The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. In this article, an Euler-Bernoulli beam model based upon nonlocal thermoelasticity theory without energy dissipation is used to study the vibration of a nanobeam subjected to ramp-type heating. Classical continuum theory is inherently size independent, while nonlocal elasticity exhibits size dependence. Among other things, this leads to a new expression for the effective nonlocal bending moment as contrasted to its classical counterpart. The thermal problem is addressed in the context of the Green-Naghdi (GN) theory of heat transport without energy dissipation. The governing partial differential equations are solved in the Laplace transform domain by the state space approach of modern control theory. Inverse of Laplace transforms are computed numerically using Fourier expansion techniques. The effects of nonlocality and ramping time parameters on the lateral vibration, temperature, displacement and bending moment are discussed

Two-temperature dual-phase-lags theory in a thermoelastic solid half-space due to an inclined load

This article addresses the thermoelastic interaction due to inclined load on a homogeneous isotropic half-space in context of two-temperature generalized theory of thermoelasticity with dual-phase-lags. It is assumed that the inclined load is a linear combination of both normal and tangential loads. The governing equations are solved by using the normal mode analysis. The variations of the displacement, stress, conductive temperature, and thermodynamic temperature distributions with the horizontal distance have been shown graphically. Results of some earlier workers have also been deduced from the present investigation as special cases. Some comparisons are graphically presented to estimate the effects of the two-temperature parameter, the dual-phase-lags parameters and the inclination angle. It is noticed that there is a significant difference in the values of the studied fields for different value of the angle of inclination. The method presented here maybe applicable to a wide range of problems in thermodynamics and thermoelasticity