Entomological indicators of malaria transmission prior to a cluster-randomized controlled trial of a 'lethal house lure' intervention in central Côte d'Ivoire

BACKGROUND: A study was conducted prior to implementing a cluster-randomized controlled trial (CRT) of a lethal house lure strategy in central Côte d'Ivoire to provide baseline information on malaria indicators in 40 villages across five health districts. METHODS: Human landing catches (HLC) were performed between November and December 2016, capturing mosquitoes indoors and outdoors between 18.00 and 08.00 h. Mosquitoes were processed for entomological indicators of malaria transmission (human biting, parity, sporozoite, and entomological inoculation rates (EIR)). Species composition and allelic frequencies of kdr-w and ace-1R mutations were also investigated within the Anopheles gambiae complex. RESULTS: Overall, 15,632 mosquitoes were captured. Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) and Anopheles funestus were the two malaria vectors found during the survey period, with predominance for An. gambiae (66.2%) compared to An. funestus (10.3%). The mean biting rate for An. gambiae was almost five times higher than that for An. funestus (19.8 bites per person per night for An. gambiae vs 4.3 bites per person per night for An. funestus) and this was evident indoors and outdoors. Anopheles funestus was more competent to transmit malaria parasites in the study area, despite relatively lower number tested for sporozoite index (4.14% (63/1521) for An. gambiae vs 8.01% (59/736) for An. funestus; χ2 = 12.216; P  85%), coupled with high malaria transmission pattern, which could guide the use of Eave tubes in the study areas

Genetic parameters of drought tolerance for agromorphological traits in eggplant, wild relatives, and interspecific hybrids

[EN] Crop wild relatives (CWRs) have barely been used in eggplant (Solanum melongena) breeding. However, introgression breeding may help in coping with the challenges posed by climate change. During the rainy and dry seasons, we evaluated nine accessions of eggplant, nine accessions of seven related species (of which six are CWRs and one is a cultivated relative), and 12 interspecific hybrids. Drought tolerance scores, calculated as ratios of growing rates and ratios of mean values during the rainy and dry seasons, were obtained for vegetative growth and yield-related traits. Considering the vegetative growth and yield-related traits evaluated, the F-1 hybrid progenies of eggplant with S. insanum MEL1 x INS2 and MEL4 x INS3, S. anguivi MEL6 x ANG1, and S. dasyphyllum MEL6 x DAS1, plus the S. sysimbriifolium accession SIS1, displayed drought tolerance. Small to large gaps were observed between phenotypic and genotypic CVs of drought tolerance scores, reflecting variable influence of environmental factors on drought tolerance of the traits evaluated. In addition, the narrow-sense heritability was generally moderate, indicating that genes with dominance and/or epistasis effects may be involved in the expression of drought tolerance. High genotypic correlations for drought tolerance scores between pairs of traits such as branching index and leaf length, leaf petiole diameter and plant height, number of stamens per flower, and fruit pedicel length suggest that drought tolerance of these traits is controlled by genes that are in linkage disequilibrium and/or have pleiotropic effects. The results are relevant for the development of drought-tolerant cultivars of eggplant.Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Grant/Award Number: PAID06-18; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion, Grant/Award Number: RTI-2018-094592-B-I00; Generalitat Valenciana, Grant/Award Number: APOSTD/2018/014; Global Crop Diversity Trust, Grant/Award Number: GS20001 This work was undertaken as part of the initiative ¿Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Collecting, Protecting and Preparing Crop Wild Relatives,¿ which is supported by the Government of Norway. The project is managed by the Global Crop Diversity Trust with the Millennium Seed Bank of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and implemented in partnership with national and international gene banks and plant breeding institutes around the world. For further information, see the project website: http://www.cwrdiversity.org/. Funding was also received from Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Agencia Estatal de Investigación and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (Grant RTI-2018-094592-B-I00 from MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE) and from Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Innovación y Transferencia de la Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (Ayuda a Primeros Proyectos de Investigación; PAID-06-18), Mariola Plazas is grateful to Generalitat Valenciana and Fondo Social Europeo for a postdoctoral contract (APOSTD/2018/014).Kouassi, AB.; Kouassi, KBA.; Sylla, Z.; Plazas Ávila, MDLO.; Fonseka, RM.; Kouassi, A.; Fonseka, H.... (2021). Genetic parameters of drought tolerance for agromorphological traits in eggplant, wild relatives, and interspecific hybrids. Crop Science. 61(1):55-68. https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20250556861