Brothers Without Borders? Investigating Process of Norm Evolution in the International Muslim Brotherhood

The international Muslim Brotherhood is occasionally characterized by American commentators, especially those with right-wing leanings, as a radical Islamist movement on par with al-Qaeda: transnational, ambitious, and therefore inherently threatening to U.S. interests. Following the Gaza flotilla crisis in June 2010, Thomas Joscelyn commented in the Weekly Standard: "The more one looks into the details of the flotilla the more it becomes clear that the Brotherhood used the humanitarian mission for its own purpose, namely, to assist its Palestinian branch—Hamas." Joscelyn paints a picture of a tight-knit, well-organized movement, a many-headed hydra that could pop up anywhere to accomplish its own nefarious ends

Sales - Uniform Commercial Code

The Pennsylvania Supreme Court completely ignored the Uniform Commercial Code in a case where the Code was applicable. C.I.T. Corp. v. lonnet, 419 Pa. 435, 214 A.2d 620 (1965)

Municipal Employees\u27 Unions: The Climb up Labor\u27s Ladder

For years municipal employees\u27 unions have struggled to stand as equals beside their brother unions in private industry. Periodically, they have ascended many rungs in labor\u27s ladder. However, in many instances their progress has been blocked, not by the municipal government but by courts, who, after considering all the factors involved, not only believed that it was in the public\u27s best interests to have municipal employees join a less powerful union but also outlined the power of the municipality in dealing with the union. At the present time, the court, the union and the municipality appear lost in a maze. The court is bound to an established interpretation of the law by years of precedent and must apply that interpretation to municipal and union activity. The union is obligated to its members and, therefore, must present their requests until the municipality will seriously consider them; and the municipality, while recognizing and often sympathetic toward their requests, is unable to help-the shackles of judicial decisions restraining them. A few courts and legislatures are beginning to remove the shackles, thereby enabling municipalities to reach out and help the unions in their climb to maturity. This legal activity, although it is and will continue causing indecision in the area of collective bargaining, is removing some of the stiff resistance that has been blocking the rise of municipal labor

Constitutional Law - Right to Counsel

Where an investigation has begun to focus upon a particular suspect, whose request for counsel has been denied and who has not received a warning as to his right to remain silent, he has been deprived of his rights under the sixth amendment. Escobedo v. State of Illinois, 84 Sup. Ct. 1758 (1964)

In the Shadow of Djoser’s Pyramid

The book presents the discoveries made by the Polish archaeological mission in Saqqara, the central part of the largest ancient Egyptian royal necropolis. The area adjacent to the Pyramid of King Djoser on the monument’s west side, so far neglected by archaeologists, turned out to be an important burial place of the Egyptian nobility from two periods of Pharaonic history: the Old Kingdom (the late third millennium BC) and the Ptolemaic Period (the late first millennium BC). The earlier, lower cemetery yielded rock-hewn tombs with splendid wall decoration in relief and painting. The book also describes methods of conservation applied to the discovered artefacts and episodes from the mission’s life

Torts - Charitable Immunity

The long-settled doctrine of charitable immunity for hospitals was abolished by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. Flagiello v. The Pennsylvania Hospital, ___Pa. ___ A.2d ___(1965)

Optimization of liquid crystal structures for real time holography applications

In this paper we present results of experiments designed to increase our understanding of the photorefractive effect occurring during processes of dynamic hologram generation in Hybrid Photorefractive Liquid Crystal Structures (HPLCS). We also propose equivalent mathematical model which can be used to optimize those structures in order to obtain the highest diffraction efficiency in possibly shortest time. (C) 2011 Optical Society of Americ