ANALISIS PENDAPATAN INDUSTRI RUMAH TANGGA GULA AREN DESA KAAYURAN ATAS KECAMATAN LANGOWAN SELATAN

This study aims to understand the level of income of the palm sugar home industry in Kaayuran Atas Village, South Langowan District. This study was conducted in February 2021. The data collected in this study is a primary data, which is the data obtained through direct interviews with respondents in the field using a list of questions (questionnaires). And secondary data obtained from agencies related to research problems (related agencies), including physical data of Kaayuran Atas Village and data related to research. The results showed that the income of the palm sugar home industry in Kaayuran Atas Village, South Langowan District, was obtained from the reduction between the average income of the palm sugar home industry of Rp. 5,839,166/month with a production cost of Rp. 5,885,469 then the cost is lacking than Rp. 46,303/month indicates that the palm sugar home industry in Kaayuran Atas Village suffers a loss, but because it uses labor from the family member so that the average labor cost is Rp. 3,600,000 being excluded then the total production cost becomes Rp. 2,209,000 so that the income of the palm sugar household industry in Kaayuran Atas Village is Rp. 3,319,000 making the palm sugar home industry doesn’t suffer from a loss because it  exclude the labor costs and they (the palm sugar home industry managers) still have other jobs such as gardening

Screening and identification of differentially expressed transcripts in circulating cells of prostate cancer patients using suppression subtractive hybridization

BACKGROUND: Tumor metastasis and changes in host immunosurveillance are important components in cancer development. Tumor cell invasion into the bloodstream is an essential step for systemic metastasis. Currently, the detection of tumor cells in the circulation is mainly dependent upon the utilization of known epithelial cell markers. However, expression of these molecules is not limited to cancer patients; healthy people also have a small number of epithelial cells in their circulation. Utilizing these markers to detect circulating tumor cells (CTCs) cannot adequately explain the mechanisms of tumor cell survival or their development of metastatic potential in peripheral blood. The immune system can also evolve along with the cancer, actually promoting or selecting the outgrowth of tumor variants. Unfortunately, both metastasis and immunosurveillance remain mysterious and are debatable because we have yet to define the molecules that participate in these processes. We are interested in identifying the existence of expressed genes, or mRNA species, that are specifically associated with circulating cells of cancer-bearing patients using prostate cancer (PCa) as a model. RESULTS: We established two comprehensive subtracted cDNA libraries using a molecular technique called suppression subtractive hybridization. This technique selectively amplifies transcripts that are specifically expressed in circulating cells of either PCa patients or healthy men. Following sequencing reaction, we showed that 17 out of 23 (73.9%) sequenced clones did not match any mRNAs in the GenBank database. This result suggests that genes associated with alterations in circulating cells of cancer-bearing patients are largely unknown. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR confirmed that two genes are up-regulated in circulating cells of PCa patients, whereas another two genes are down-regulated in the same patients. CONCLUSION: The comprehensive gene expression analysis is capable of identifying differentially expressed genes in circulating cells of healthy men and PCa patients. We did not attempt to enrich specific cell types in this study because phenotypes of CTCs and subsets of leukocytes participating in immunosurveillance remain largely unknown. Continuous studies of these differentially expressed genes will eventually lead us to understand the mechanisms involved in tumor metastasis and immune modulation during cancer development