User context and personalisation

The importance of user context as a means of delivering personalised and context-sensitive systems is discussed. Relevant aspects of personalisation and context technology are covered. The intention is to inspire those interested in Case-base reasoning and personalisation from background and experience in other disciplines such as information retrieval, adaptive user interfaces, user modelling and mobile computing. Descriptions of personalisation and context are followed by their use in information retrieval and their importance and use in ambient computing. Relevant literature that may be a motivating source for interested readers are provided. Various questions are also raised in initiating discussion on this topic

AmbieSense: a system and reference architecture for personalised and context-sensitive information services for mobile users

The purpose of AmbieSense is to provide personalised, context-sensitive information to the mobile user. It is about augmenting digital information to physical objects, rooms, and areas. The aim is to provide relevant information to the right user and situation. Digital content is distributed from the surroundings and onto your mobile phone. An ambient information environment is provided by a combination of context tag technology, a software platform to manage and deliver the information, and personal computing devices to which the information is served. This paper describes how the AmbieSense reference architecture has been defined and used in order to deliver information to the mobile citizen at the right time, place and situation. Information is provided via specialist content providers. The application area addresses the information needs of travellers and tourists

Content retrieval and mobile users: An outdoor investigation of an ambient travel guide

People's information needs change as they encounter new situations. The need for an ambient information environment becomes more evident in the case of the mobile traveller where situated information access is one of the main challenges. The motivation for this work has been to provide relevant information to the right situation and user in an ambient manner. Our way to solve this is to deliver personalised and context-aware information to the mobile user. To this end we have developed a platform, and prototype applications for travellers, and tourists. The system integrates our own tag technology with information from content service providers covering both general travel guide and local information. The development methodology is user-centred, iterative, and progressive in nature. It combines information retrieval (IR) test and evaluation techniques with iterative and user-centred development techniques at the test and evaluation phase. Combining the two disciplines gives us the ability to test and evaluate both the information aspects and the interaction aspects of any information system in parallel. Another advantage would be that one can develop content and software in parallel. This paper focuses on the IR test and evaluation framework that has been used in conjunction with the user-centred development. We emphasize the importance of performing IR test and evaluation for mobile systems in terms of users’ situations and tasks. The paper presents the results of some of the findings from a preliminary user test in an outdoor scenario. The test took place in a popular tourist destination in Spain

Curiosity driven search: When is relevance irrelevant?

Classical information search behaviour models based on work-task scenarios fail to explain common leisure search scenarios motivated by a hedonistic need rather than a defined information need. This paper presents work into such unstructured search driven by curiosity. In order to explore this hedonistic catalyst, a social media search application was designed in which the search experience is triggered by the user's spatio-temporal context during their exploration rather than query-response based information retrieval. We report a study with real users and a simulated casual-leisure search task where results indicated that relevance is not relevant for some searches

Nuevo prototipo de máquina frigorífica de absorción de LiBr-H₂O de simple y doble efecto con absorbedor adiabático refrigerado por aire de alta eficiencia : descripción, simulación y resultados experimentales

Due to unsustainable growth of air conditioning market, a great interest in solar cooling technologies has emerged. The coincidence between availability of solar irradiation and peaks of cooling demand makes solar cooling a very attractive option to replace conventional refrigeration machines based on electricity. What is more, solar cooling systems normally use natural refrigerants that are not harmful to the environment. However, an improvement of the current technology is needed for solar cooling systems to compete with electricity‐powered air conditioning systems. In this work, a novel air‐cooled single–double‐effect LiBr/H₂O absorption prototype is proposed as a solution to improve the viability of solar cooling systems. This prototype presents the following distinguishing features: firstly, it is directly air‐cooled, which means that no cooling tower is needed; secondly, it is made up by compact heat exchangers, which allows for a reduced size of about 1 m₃; thirdly, it incorporates an adiabatic absorber operating with flat‐fan solution sheets, which permits the working solution not to crystallize at high ambient temperatures; lastly, it can be powered by solar heat in its single‐effect mode (4.5 kW), or by an alternative source such as fuel or waste heat in its double‐effect stage (7 kW). In this way, 100% of the cooling demand may be supplied by a single absorption machine using solar energy as far as possible or, when it is not available, efficiently utilizing a fuel or even waste heat, for instance in a trigeneration system. This thesis includes a detailed description of that single–double‐effect absorption prototype as well as the fundamentals for its numerical simulation. Likewise, experimental results from a testing campaign carried out in Madrid during 2010 are presented and discussed. A solar facility with evacuated flat‐plate collectors was used to test the single-effect operation mode of the prototype. In turn, the double‐effect stage was fired by a thermal oil facility with electrical resistances. As relevant results of the whole experimental campaign it is worth mentioning that the single‐effect stage was able to work with COP values around 0.6, whereas the double‐effect mode permitted to achieve values of about 1.0. The chilled water temperatures mostly ranged between 14°C and 16°C in single‐effect operation mode, while they were around 12°C for the double‐effect stage. Besides, it is highly noteworthy that after some 125 hours of operation under a wide range of conditions (outdoor temperatures up to 39.5°C), no solution crystallization was noticed. On the other hand, this work includes an in‐depth description of the absorber assembled in the single–double‐effect prototype. Furthermore, a mathematical model is developed for simulation of air‐cooled flat‐fan sheets adiabatic absorbers. As far as we know, there is not any numerical modeling for this kind of absorbers in the literature. Based on that model, which was as well experimentally validated in this study, the capacity of the prototype absorber is optimized as a function of the energy consumption of its ancillary equipment (solution pump and fan). Finally, the positive results derived from this work may be regarded as an important contribution to the development of air‐cooled LiBr/H₂O absorption technology. Even though a few improvements in the prototype are still required, it seems that the proposed system represents a feasible alternative to overcome some of the major obstacles concerning solar air conditioning. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------La actual situación de insostenibilidad en el mercado de la climatización ha motivado un gran interés por la refrigeración solar como alternativa al uso de máquinas eléctricas. El hecho de que las horas de máxima radiación solar coincidan con los momentos de mayor demanda de frío en los edificios, hace que estos sistemas sean especialmente indicados para sustituir a los equipos convencionales de aire acondicionado. Además, hay que añadir que esta tecnología normalmente utiliza refrigerantes naturales que no son dañinos para el medio ambiente. Sin embargo, los sistemas actuales de refrigeración solar necesitan una mejora sustancial para poder competir directamente con los aparatos tradicionales de climatización. Como una posible solución para mejorar la viabilidad de los sistemas de refrigeración solar, en este trabajo se presenta un nuevo prototipo de máquina de absorción de LiBr/H₂O que integra los ciclos de simple y doble efecto en una misma unidad. Las principales características que hacen de este prototipo una novedad tecnológica son las siguientes: en primer lugar, se trata de una máquina directamente condensada por aire, eliminando así la necesidad de instalar torres de refrigeración; en segundo lugar, el prototipo está básicamente formado por intercambiadores de calor compactos, con lo que se alcanza un tamaño final de máquina muy reducido, aproximadamente 1 m3; en tercer lugar, el prototipo incorpora un absorbedor adiabático con láminas planas que evita que la disolución cristalice a altas temperaturas ; por último, la máquina puede funcionar como una unidad de simple efecto (4.5 kW), alimentada en este caso por energía solar, o como una unidad de doble efecto (7 kW), quemando combustibles o utilizando calor residual. De este modo, se podría llegar cubrir el 100% de la demanda de refrigeración con una sola unidad que saca el máximo partido a la energía solar y, cuando ésta no es suficiente, utiliza eficientemente combustibles o incluso el calor residual procedente de otros procesos, por ejemplo en una planta de trigeneración. En esta tesis doctoral se incluye una descripción detallada del prototipo de simple y doble efecto así como los fundamentos teóricos para su simulación numérica. Asimismo, se presentan y discuten los resultados experimentales obtenidos durante una campaña de ensayos llevada a cabo en Madrid durante el año 2010. Para probar el funcionamiento del prototipo como máquina de absorción de simple efecto se ha utilizado una instalación solar con colectores planos de vacío. En cambio, para ensayar el prototipo como máquina de doble efecto se ha utilizado un aceite térmico como fuente de energía. Como resultados destacados de la campaña de experimentación cabe mencionar que los valores del COP se movieron entorno a 0.6 en simple efecto y alrededor de 1.0 en doble efecto. A su vez, se alcanzaron temperaturas de agua fría entre 14°C y 16°C para el simple efecto y de aproximadamente 12°C para el doble efecto. Además, es de gran relevancia el hecho de que, después de unas 125 horas de funcionamiento bajo condiciones de trabajo muy diferentes (hasta 39.5°C de temperatura exterior), la disolución de LiBr/H₂O no se haya cristalizado en ningún momento. Por otra parte, este trabajo incluye una descripción detallada del absorbedor instalado en el prototipo. Asimismo, se ha desarrollado un modelo matemático para simular absorbedores adiabáticos de láminas directamente refrigerados por aire. Por lo que sabemos, hasta el momento no se ha publicado ninguna modelización numérica para este tipo de absorbedores. Tomando como referencia el modelo propuesto, que también ha sido validado experimentalmente en este estudio, se ha realizado una optimización de la capacidad del absorbedor del prototipo en función del consumo energético de sus equipos auxiliares (bomba de disolución y ventilador). Por último, los buenos resultados obtenidos con este prototipo nos hacen pensar que este trabajo representa una contribución importante al desarrollo de las máquinas de absorción de LiBr/H₂O refrigeradas por aire. A pesar de que el prototipo todavía no está totalmente optimizado, con él se ha demostrado que la tecnología propuesta en esta tesis doctoral constituye una alternativa viable para superar algunos de los principales problemas relacionados con la refrigeración solar