Prognostic and preventive role of various factors in corneal rejection after keratoplasty

The literature review is devoted to the analysis of modern publications on the immunological and pathogenetic mechanisms of transplanted corneal rejection, risk factors, predictors and methods of the prevention of this complication. The prevention of corneal rejection is challenging.Currently, there is no single algorithm for the predicting methods of the corneal graft rejection, so further research in this area is needed.Purpose. To assemble the current data on immunological and non-immunological predictors of postoperative complications after keratoplasty. The analysis of modern publications on the immunological and pathogenetic mechanisms of corneal transplant rejection, risk factors, predictors and methods of prevention of this complication is presented. The databases used were CyberLeninka, PubMed, and Medline. The focus was on the publications of the last 10 year s.Conclusion. The data presented in the review make it possible to identify signs of corneal transplant rejection and to determine treatment in a timely manner, as well as to implement methods for preventing these complications

INNOVATIVE METHOD OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT: NON-STANDARD NON-MATERIAL MOTIVATION

The article studied the influence of non-material motivation to increase the innovativeness of personnel management. When writing the article, it was concluded that the basic principles of intangible motivation should be included in the company's innovative HR management strategy

Features of fractal conformity and bioconsolidation in the early myogenesis gene expression and their relationship to the genetic diversity of chicken breeds

Simple Summary In the bodies of animals, including birds, gene expression leads to the synthesis of many proteins. To provide optimal cellular and organismal properties and functions, many genes should work in concert, reaching certain balanced relationships (or networks) between them and the intensities of their expression. Here, we studied the expression of several genes responsible for muscle formation and growth in chick embryos of diverse breeds belonging to various utility types. Using two mathematical (fractal) models and the respective indices, we showed that there are specific coordinated patterns of gene expression in the embryonic breast and thigh muscles. These patterns correlated with growth rate of chicks after hatching and depended on a utility type of the breeds studied. Overall, the proposed models contributed to an expanded understanding of the coordinated gene expression in early development and growth, providing additional characteristics of genetic diversity in chickens. Abstract Elements of fractal analysis are widely used in scientific research, including several biological disciplines. In this study, we hypothesized that chicken breed biodiversity manifests not only at the phenotypic level, but also at the genetic-system level in terms of different profiles of fractal conformity and bioconsolidation in the early myogenesis gene expression. To demonstrate this effect, we developed two mathematical models that describe the fractal nature of the expression of seven key genes in the embryonic breast and thigh muscles in eight breeds of meat, dual purpose, egg and game types. In the first model, we produced breed-specific coefficients of gene expression conformity in each muscle type using the slopes of regression dependencies, as well as an integral myogenesis gene expression index (MGEI). Additionally, breed fractal dimensions and integral myogenesis gene expression fractal dimension index (MGEFDI) were determined. The second gene expression model was based on plotting fractal portraits and calculating indices of fractal bioconsolidation. The bioconsolidation index of myogenesis gene expression correlated with the chick growth rate and nitric oxide (NO) oxidation rate. The proposed fractal models were instrumental in interpreting the genetic diversity of chickens at the level of gene expression for early myogenesis, NO metabolism and the postnatal growth of chicks

Unraveling signatures of chicken genetic diversity and divergent selection in breed-specific patterns of early myogenesis, nitric oxide metabolism and post-hatch growth

Due to long-term domestication, breeding and divergent selection, a vast genetic diversity in poultry currently exists, with various breeds being characterized by unique phenotypic and genetic features. Assuming that differences between chicken breeds divergently selected for economically and culturally important traits manifest as early as possible in development and growth stages, we aimed to explore breed-specific patterns and interrelations of embryo myogenesis, nitric oxide (NO) metabolism and post-hatch growth rate (GR). These characteristics were explored in eight breeds of different utility types (meat-type, dual purpose, egg-type, game, and fancy) by incubating 70 fertile eggs per breed. To screen the differential expression of seven key myogenesis associated genes (MSTN, GHR, MEF2C, MYOD1, MYOG, MYH1, and MYF5), quantitative real-time PCR was used. We found that myogenesis associated genes expressed in the breast and thigh muscles in a coordinated manner showing breed specificity as a genetic diversity signature among the breeds studied. Notably, coordinated (“accord”) expression patterns of MSTN, GHR, and MEFC2 were observed both in the breast and thigh muscles. Also, associated expression vectors were identified for MYOG and MYOD1 in the breast muscles and for MYOG and MYF5 genes in the thigh muscles. Indices of NO oxidation and post-hatch growth were generally concordant with utility types of breeds, with meat-types breeds demonstrating higher NO oxidation levels and greater GR values as compared to egg-type, dual purpose, game and fancy breeds. The results of this study suggest that differences in early myogenesis, NO metabolism and post-hatch growth are breed-specific; they appropriately reflect genetic diversity and accurately capture the evolutionary history of divergently selected chicken breeds

[Towards advanced biotechnological developments to realize the genetic potential of egg-type poultry] Направления современных биотехнологических разработок для реализации генетического потенциала яичной птицы

Realization of the genetic potential of laying hens makes it feasible to achieve the maximum possible yield of egg products against, while using effective feed compositions and various feed additives. Implementation of molecular genetic technologies for the analysis of intestinal microbiota and the expression of key genes for productivity and resistance is an important tool in studying mechanisms of the effects of feed preparations on microorganism of birds. Within the framework of the project for the development of modern biotechnologies to assess gene expression, we carried out an experiment to assess influence of human recombinant interferon alpha-2b on the expression of genes for productivity and immunity in laying hens. A positive effect of the additive on the immune system of birds and the effectiveness of molecular genetic technologies for assessing the expression of key genes and the use of the studied additives in feeding of egg-type poultry have been shown. Реализация генетического потенциала кур-несушек позволяет достигать максимально возможный выход яичной продукции на фоне применения эффективных композиций кормов и различных кормовых добавок. Внедрение молекулярно-генетических технологий для анализа микробиоты кишечника и экспрессии ключевых генов продуктивности и резистентности является важным инструментом в исследовании механизмов воздействия кормовых препаратов на макроорганизм птицы. В рамках проекта по разработке современных биотехнологий для оценки экспрессии генов нами осуществлен эксперимент по изучению человеческого рекомбинантного интерферона альфа-2b на экспрессию генов продуктивности и иммунитета у кур-несушек. Показаны положительное влияние препарата на иммунную систему птиц и эффективность молекулярно-генетических технологий для оценки экспрессии ключевых генов и использования изучаемых добавок в кормлении яичной птицы

Breed-specific patterns of early myogenesis, nitric oxide metabolism, and post-hatch growth in relation to genetic diversity and divergent selection in chickens [Породоспецифичные модели раннего миогенеза, метаболизма оксида азота и постнатального роста в связи с генетическим разнообразием и разнонаправленной селекцией у кур]

Aims: There is currently a significant genetic diversity across poultry breeds as a result of long-term domestication, breeding, and divergent selection, with each breed having its own distinctive phenotypic and genetic characteristics [1,2]. We presumed and set out to investigate whether differences between chicken breeds divergently selected for economically and culturally significant traits [3] manifest as early as possible in development and growth stages. Methods: Breed-specific patterns and relationships of embryo myogenesis, nitric oxide (NO) metabolism, and post-hatch growth rate were studied and analyzed [4]. Results: Our research revealed that myogenesis genes were coordinatedly expressed in the thigh and breast muscles, demonstrating breed uniqueness. Indicators of NO oxidation and post-hatch growth were largely consistent with utility breed types, with meat breeds showing higher NO oxidation levels and better growth rate values in comparison to egg, dual purpose, game, and fancy breeds. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that breed-specific variations in early myogenesis, NO metabolism, and post-hatch growth adequately represent genetic variety and reliably depict the evolutionary history of diversely chosen chicken breeds

Spatial Bistability Generates hunchback Expression Sharpness in the Drosophila Embryo

During embryonic development, the positional information provided by concentration gradients of maternal factors directs pattern formation by providing spatially dependent cues for gene expression. In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, a classic example of this is the sharp on–off activation of the hunchback (hb) gene at midembryo, in response to local concentrations of the smooth anterior–posterior Bicoid (Bcd) gradient. The regulatory region for hb contains multiple binding sites for the Bcd protein as well as multiple binding sites for the Hb protein. Some previous studies have suggested that Bcd is sufficient for properly sharpened Hb expression, yet other evidence suggests a need for additional regulation. We experimentally quantified the dynamics of hb gene expression in flies that were wild-type, were mutant for hb self-regulation or Bcd binding, or contained an artificial promoter construct consisting of six Bcd and two Hb sites. In addition to these experiments, we developed a reaction–diffusion model of hb transcription, with Bcd cooperative binding and hb self-regulation, and used Zero Eigenvalue Analysis to look for multiple stationary states in the reaction network. Our model reproduces the hb developmental dynamics and correctly predicts the mutant patterns. Analysis of our model indicates that the Hb sharpness can be produced by spatial bistability, in which hb self-regulation produces two stable levels of expression. In the absence of self-regulation, the bistable behavior vanishes and Hb sharpness is disrupted. Bcd cooperative binding affects the position where bistability occurs but is not itself sufficient for a sharp Hb pattern. Our results show that the control of Hb sharpness and positioning, by hb self-regulation and Bcd cooperativity, respectively, are separate processes that can be altered independently. Our model, which matches the changes in Hb position and sharpness observed in different experiments, provides a theoretical framework for understanding the data and in particular indicates that spatial bistability can play a central role in threshold-dependent reading mechanisms of positional information

Mathematics and biology: a Kantian view on the history of pattern formation theory

Driesch’s statement, made around 1900, that the physics and chemistry of his day were unable to explain self-regulation during embryogenesis was correct and could be extended until the year 1972. The emergence of theories of self-organisation required progress in several areas including chemistry, physics, computing and cybernetics. Two parallel lines of development can be distinguished which both culminated in the early 1970s. Firstly, physicochemical theories of self-organisation arose from theoretical (Lotka 1910–1920) and experimental work (Bray 1920; Belousov 1951) on chemical oscillations. However, this research area gained broader acceptance only after thermodynamics was extended to systems far from equilibrium (1922–1967) and the mechanism of the prime example for a chemical oscillator, the Belousov–Zhabotinski reaction, was deciphered in the early 1970s. Secondly, biological theories of self-organisation were rooted in the intellectual environment of artificial intelligence and cybernetics. Turing wrote his The chemical basis of morphogenesis (1952) after working on the construction of one of the first electronic computers. Likewise, Gierer and Meinhardt’s theory of local activation and lateral inhibition (1972) was influenced by ideas from cybernetics. The Gierer–Meinhardt theory provided an explanation for the first time of both spontaneous formation of spatial order and of self-regulation that proved to be extremely successful in elucidating a wide range of patterning processes. With the advent of developmental genetics in the 1980s, detailed molecular and functional data became available for complex developmental processes, allowing a new generation of data-driven theoretical approaches. Three examples of such approaches will be discussed. The successes and limitations of mathematical pattern formation theory throughout its history suggest a picture of the organism, which has structural similarity to views of the organic world held by the philosopher Immanuel Kant at the end of the eighteenth century

A NEW APPROACH TO THE PREVENTION OF INTRA-OPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS IN THE CORRECTION OF COMPOUND MYOPIC ASTIGMATISM USING THE RELEXS®MILE METHOD

Purpose. To study the efficiency of a preoperative inhalation session of oxygen-xenon mixture in the mode of analgosedation for stressunstable patients at the preoperative preparation stage for the ReLEx®SMILE method.Material and methods. The study group consisted of 11 patients (mean age 22.76±1.43 years) with a high degree of anxiety (>46 points), according to the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The laser correction by the ReLex® SMILE technology was planned for them (average spherical equivalent (SE) 3.38±0.39D) using the VisuMax™ 500 kHz device (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG). As a preoperative preparation, they underwent the inhalation of an oxygen-xenon mixture in the analgosedation mode. The sessions were performed using the anesthesia XENA-01 device, operating on a closed loop, thereby the xenon exposure was carried out in sub-narcotic concentrations – 35-40% (up to 1/3 МАC).Results. During the analgosedation session with the oxygen-xenon mixture before the ReLEx® SMILE, the hemodynamic and ventilation parameters in the patients of the study group remained stable. By the 20th minute the patients calmed down, fell asleep, heart rate decreased up to 55.4±5.3 per minute. The 40% xenon exposition was 20 minutes. The xenon consumption was 4.5±0.7 liters per session.During the ReLex® SMILE, the patients, remaining fully conscious, behaved adequately and calmly. The stage of interface applanation to the cornea, its centering, femto-dissection occurred without complications in all patients. The planned refractive result was achieved in 100% of cases (the mean SE was 0.25±0.1D). The next day after the procedure, the UCVA in all patients was 0.9-1.0.Conclusion. The analgosedation session with an oxygen-xenon mixture provides an adequate nociceptive and anti-stress protection, guarantees safe laser ophthalmic interventions in emotionally labile patients. The obtained results of the study allow to consider this premedication method before the femto-laser correction of ReLEx® SMILE as a new approach to the prevention of such an intraoperative complication as the vacuum loss

HIGH DOSES OF STATINS BEFORE PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION: WHETHER THERE ARE REASONS TO USE?

The results of prospective randomized clinical trials planned to assess the efficacy of using statins in high doses before percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) are presented in the review. The effect of this approach on the severity of myocardial damage and clinical outcomes in planned PCI in patients with stable ischemic heart disease (IHD) and early PCI in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) without stable ST-segment elevation was found. The results of the trials planned to study the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy as well as data from meta-analyzes of conducted clinical trials are demonstrated.According to the accumulated facts, taking high doses of statins before PCI can contribute to reduce myocardial damage with a decrease in the risk of periprocedural myocardial infarction. This effect was demonstrated in the planned coronary stenting in patients with stable IHD and in PCI in the first days of treatment of ACS without the stable ST-segment elevation. It was found both in patients who had not previously taken statins and in patients permanently treated with statins. The additional expected benefit of using a high dose of statins prior to PCI is the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy. However, due to the limited evidence base, there is no consensus on the advisability of such an approach in current clinical guidelines