6 research outputs found
Neighbor removal increases forager longevity, slows progression through temporal castes (Pogonomyrmex badius)
Sustainability standards like Fair Trade (FT) or Utz certified (Utz) are widely regarded as a promising way of improving smallholder coffee farmer welfare. As yet, the impact of certification remains poorly understood. This chapter presents the findings of the study regarding the impact of FT and Utz in Kenya. The study was carried out in the Kiambu and Nyeri districts of Kenya (Figure 3.1). The study is based on two waves of data collection carried out in 2009 and 2013 with farmers belonging to six cooperative societies: Ndumberi, Tekangu, Kiambaa, Mikari, Rugi and Kiama. This chapter aims to answer the following central research question: What is the impact of FT/Utz involvement at producer and producer organisation level in Kenya
Lifecycle Assessment of Sweet Sorghum Stalk Juice-based Bioethanol in Kenya
Biofuels have been promoted in many countries for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and fossil fuel consumption. Sweet sorghum has gained traction as a viable bioethanol feedstock due to its short maturity period as well as being drought resistance. This study evaluates greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy inputs in the production of sweet sorghum stalk juice-based bioethanol in Kenya. The bioethanol production stages include cultivation, milling, bioethanol conversion and co-generation. The study estimated the GHG emissions to be 424.19 gCO2eq per litre of bioethanol produced. The total energy consumption was calculated to be 10.08 MJ per litre of bioethanol produced. For energy balances per litre of bioethanol, the study obtained; net energy value (NEV) = 11.12 MJ, net renewable energy value (NREV) = 19.68 MJ and net energy ratio (NER) = 13.6. The positive value of NEV indicates that the total energy consumption to produce a litre of bioethanol is less than its energy content. The high positive values of NREV and NER indicate low amount of fossil fuels are required to produce a litre of bioethanol. The study used mass allocation to partition GHG emissions and energy inputs at each stage/operation of the sweet sorghum lifecycle. Sensitivity analysis on the effects of stalk, juice and bioethanol yields on GHG emissions and NEV was performed. The study found GHG emissions to be sensitive to stalk yield and NER to be sensitive to bioethanol yield
Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Balances of Sugarcane Molasses-based Bioethanol in Kenya
Many countries have promoted biofuels to address energy security, environmental concerns as well as to improve the socio-economic well-being of rural people. This paper evaluates lifecycle net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, energy consumption and energy balances in the production chain of sugarcane molasses-based bioethanol in Kenya. Sugarcane molasses-based bioethanol production involves sugarcane cultivation, cane milling, bioethanol conversion, co-generation and wastewater treatment. The study used economic allocation to partition GHG emissions and energy inputs between sugar and molasses. The lifecycle GHG emissions were estimated at 270.87 gCO2eq per litre of bioethanol produced. The total energy consumption was evaluated to be 22.39 MJ per litre of bioethanol produced. The energy balances calculated values per litre of bioethanol were; net energy value (NEV) = -1.19 MJ, net renewable energy value (NREV) = 19.75MJ and net energy ratio (NER) = 14.62. The negative value of NEV indicates that to produce a litre of bioethanol require greater energy than its energy content. The high positive values of NREV and NER indicate a low amount of fossil fuels are required to produce a litre of bioethanol. Sensitivity analysis on the effects of bioethanol yield and price of molasses on GHG emissions and NER was performed. The study found GHG emissions and NER to be sensitive to bioethanol yield and price of molasses. The results of this study were compared to results of molasses based bioethanol obtained in other countries
Environmental Impact Assessment of Bioethanol Production From Sugarcane Molasses in Kenya
Environmental concerns and the increasing demand for transportation energy have led to increased production and utilization of biofuels worldwide. Biofuels are perceived to provide clean and green energy. Globally, bioethanol is the most widely used biofuel. This study considered the production of bioethanol from sugarcane molasses. The production of bioethanol from molasses does not pose threat to food security as molasses is a by-product in the manufacture of sugar from the sugarcane. This study aimed to determine the environmental impacts associated with production bioethanol from sugarcane molasses in Kenya from a lifecycle perspective. The environmental impact categories evaluated included Global Warming (GHG emissions), Acidification, Eutrophication, Human Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and Photochemical oxidant Formation. Data was collected in all stages of the life cycle of bioethanol production. These include sugarcane cultivation, harvesting, transportation, cane milling, bioethanol conversion and wastewater treatment. The data was collected during field visits at Mumias Sugar Company and Spectre International. In the study, an inventory analysis was performed which involved quantification of emissions from each stage using models and emission factors from literature. Emissions were also obtained from Ecoinvent databases for the major processes as well as their supporting processes. Economic allocation was used to partition emissions and resources between molasses and sugar. A life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) was performed in Chain Management by Life Cycle Assessment (CMLCA) software. The characterization method that was used to calculate the environmental impacts of bioethanol was the CML-IA. Low values of Global Warming Potential (GWP), Acidification Potential (AP), Eutrophication Potential (EP), Human Toxicity Potential (HTP) and Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) were obtained in this study. Emissions emitted due to fossil fuel use, production and use of agrochemicals were found to be the major contributors to environmental impact. The study recommends use of cane trash, bagasse and stillage as supplement fertilizer and boiler fuel. This will reduce dependency on fossil fuels and chemical fertilizers which impacts negatively on the environment
CIGR E-Journal Volume 7
Peer Reviewed Original Research Articles ---
1.) A. Tambunan, Y. Sagara, Y. Seo, and Y. Kawagoe. Image
Analysis on Temperature Distribution within Lettuce Undergoing
Vacuum Cooling. Manuscript FP 04 002. Vol. VII. January 2005. ---
2.) S. Nimmermark and G. Gustafsson. Influence of Temperature,
Humidity, and Ventilation Rate on the Release of Odour and
Ammonia in a Floor Housing System for Laying Hens. Manuscript
BC 04 008. Vol. VII. March 2005. ---
3.) S. Hassan-Beygi and B. Ghobadian. Noise Attenuation
Characteristics of Different Road Surfaces During Power Tiller
Transport. Manuscript PM 04 009. Vol.VII. March 2005.
4.) L. Pan, P. Shao, and S. Jiang. Separation of Phytosterol and
Synthesized VE Succinate from Rapeseed Oil Deodorizer Distillate.
Manuscript FP 04 010. March 2005. ---
5.) S. Shrestha, F. Kazama, Y. Sakamoto, and S. Bastola.
Statistical Modeling of Pollutant Load in Subbasins of the Fuji
River Basin, Japan. Manuscript LW 05 001. Vol. VII. March, 2005. ---
6.) M. Rijo and C. Arranja. Hydraulic Performance of a
Downstream Controlled Irrigation Canal Equipped with Different
Offtake Types. Manuscript LW 04 014. Vol. VII. March, 2005. ---
7.) J. Krahl, A. Munack, O. Schroeder, H. Stein, L. Herbst, A.
Kaufmann, and J. Buenger. Fuel Design as Constructional Element
with the Example of Biogenic and Fossil Diesel Fuels. Manuscript
EE 04 008. Vol. VII. March, 2005. ---
8.) M. Aradas, I. Naas, and D. Salgado. Comparing the Thermal
Environment in Broiler Houses Using Two Bird Densities Under
Tropical Conditions. Manuscript BC 03 017. Vol. VII. March, 2005.
9.) N. Kyei-Baffour. The Effect of Quality of Rising Capillary Water
on Soil Surface Sodicity. Manuscript LW 04 013. April, 2005.
10.) P. Soni, V. Salokhe, and H. Tantau. Effect of Screen Porosity
on Selected Microclimatic Parameters of Naturally Ventilated
Tropical Greenhouses. Manuscript BC 05 002. Vol. VII. April,
2005. ---
11.) I. Naas, S. Campos, and K. Silva. Comparison of Manual and
Electronic Traceability in Swine Production. Manuscript IT 05 001.
Vol. VII. April, 2005. ---
12.) V. Assaad, J. Jofriet, S. Negi, and G. Hayward. Corrosion of
Reinforced Concrete Specimens Exposed to Hydrogen Sulfide and
Sodium Sulfate. Manuscript BC 03 013. Vol. VII. April, 2005.
13.) S. Sivakumar, R. Manian, K. Kathirvel, and G. Raghavan.
Investigation on the Influence of Machine and Operational
Parameters for the Development of a Manually-Drawn Rice Seeder
for Direct Sowing. Manuscript PM 04 008. Vol. VII. May, 2005. ---
14.) S. Jekayinfa and O. Omisakin. The Energy Potentials of some
Agricultural Wastes as Local Fuel Materials in Nigeria. Manuscript
EE 05 003. Vol. VII. May, 2005. ---
15.) S. Pedersen, S. Morsing, and J. Strom. Simulation of Heat
Requirement and Air Quality in Weaner Houses for Three Climate
Regions Using CIGR 2002 Heat Production Equations. Manuscript
BC 05 001. Vol. VII. June, 2005. ---
16.) V. Carvalho, I. Naas, M. Mollo, and V. Massafera. Prediction
of the Occurrence of Lameness in Dairy Cows using a Fuzzy-Logic
Based Expert System??t I. Manuscript IT 05 002. Vol. VII.
June, 2005. ---
17.) H. Pandorfi and I. Da Silva. Evaluation of the Behavior of
Piglets in Different Heating Systems using Analysis of Image and
Electronic Identification. BC 03 021. Vol. VII. August, 2005.
18.) T. Ozturk and M. Bayrakh. The Possibilities of using Tobacco
Wastes in Producing Lightweight Concrete. Manuscript BC 05 006.
Vol. VII. August, 2005. ---
19.) P. Goodrich, D. Schmidt, and D. Haubenschild. Anaerobic
Digestion for Energy and Pollution Control. Manuscript EE 03 001.
Vol. VII. August, 2005. ---
20.) W. Lee, J. Schueller, and T. Burks. Wagon-Based Silage Yield
Mapping System. Manuscript IT 05 003. Vol. VII. August, 2005.
21.) M. Heinloo, T. Leola, and V. Veinla. Synthesis of the
Manipulator for the Scraper of a Press Manure Removal.
Manuscript MES 05 002. Vol. VII. August, 2005. ---
22.) T. Tomson and A. Annuk. Wind Energy in Estonian Western
Highlands. Manuscript EE 04 001. Vol. VII. September, 2005. ---
23.) G. Bora, M. Schrock, D. Oard, J. Grimm, and T. Kolb.
Performance of a Stacked Valve Multipoint Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM) Manifold for Variable Rate Anhydrous Ammonia Application.
Manuscript PM 05 005. Vol.VII. September, 2005. ---
24.) E. Quendler, P. Veith, A. Pohl, and J. Boxberger. More
Security for Kids Around Moving Vehicles on Farms. Manuscript
SAFETY 05 001. Vol. VII. September, 2005. ---
25.) M. Queiroz, I. Naas, C. Sampaio. Estimating Thermal Comfort
for Piglets Considering Ammonia Concentration. Manuscript IT 05
004/BC 05 005. Vol. VII. September, 2005. ---
26.) S. Ojolo and A. Bamgboye. Thermochemical Conversion of
Municipal Solid Waste to Produce Fuel and Reduce Waste.
Manuscript EE 05 006. Vol. VII. September, 2005. ---
27.) Y. Mijinyawa and J. Adetunji. Evaluation of Farm
Transportation System in Osun and Oyo States of Nigeria.
Manuscript LW 05 004. Vol. VII. September, 2005. ---
28.) S. Morsing, S. Pedersen, J. Strom, and L. Jacobsen. Energy
Consumption and Air Quality in Growing-Finishing Pig Houses for
Three Climate Regions Using CIGR 2002 Heat Production
Equations. Manuscript BC 05 007. Vol. VII. September, 2005. ---
29.) R. Schmersahl and V. Scholz. Testing a PEM Fuel Cell System
with Biogas Fuel. Manuscript EE 05 002. Vol. VII. September,
2005. ---
30.) U. Mutwiwa and H. Tantau. Suitability of a UV Lamp for
Trapping the Greenhouse Whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum
Westwood (Hom: Aleyrodidae). Manuscript BC 05 004. Vol. VII.
September, 2005. ---
31.) S. Kazemi, N. Wang, M. Ngadi, and S. Prasher. Evaluation of
Frying Oil Quality Using VIS/NIR Hyperspectral Analysis.
Manuscript FP 05 001. Vol. VII. September, 2005. ---
32.) W. Reimann. Down Streaming of Lactic Acid from Hydrolysate
of Barley after Fermentation. Manuscript FP 05 004. Vol. VII.
September, 2005. ---
33.) B. Sarkar and G. Tiwari. Thermal Modeling of a Greenhouse
Fish Pond System. Manuscript BC 05 015. Vol. VII. October, 2005.
34.) S. Ido and M. Bux. Prediction of Evaporation Rate in a Solar
Dryer for Sewage Sludge. Manuscript EE 05 009. Vol. VII.
October, 2005. ---
35.) U. Dhakal, V. Salokhe, H. Tantau, and J. Max. Development
of a Greenhouse Nutrient Recycling System for Tomato Production
in the Humid Tropics. Manuscript BC 05 008. Vol. VII. October,
2005. ---
36.) E. Ajav and B. Adejumo. Performance Evaluation of an Okra
Thresher. Manuscript PM 04 006. Vol. VII. October, 2005. ---
37.) K. Patil, T. Bowser, D. Bellmer, and R. Huhnke. Fluidization
Characteristics of Sand and Chopped Switchgrass-Sand Mixtures.
Manuscript EE 04 005. Vol. VII. October, 2005. ---
38.) S. Al-Kufaishi, S. Blackmore, H. Sourell, and G. Maletti.
Assessment of Two Variable Rate Irrigation Controllers used on a
Centre-Pivot. Manuscript LW 05 002. Vol. VII. October, 2005. ---
39.) P. Maly, T. Hoffman, and Ch. Furll. Gentle Harvest of
Potatoes in Storage Boxes. Manuscript FP 05 002. Vol. VII.
October, 2005. ---
40.) M. Reza Ehsani, C. Divaker Durairaj, S. Woods, and M.
Sullivan. Potential Application of Electrical Conductivity(EC) Map
for Variable Rate Seeding. Manuscript IT 05 006. Vol. VII.
November, 2005. ---
41.) O. Kitani, K. Roy, M. Yoshida, and R. Endo. Control of Water
Environment of Plants using Waste Biomass. Manuscript LW 05
007. Vol. VII. November, 2005. ---
42.) J. Hou, Y. Qian, G. Lui, and R. Dong. The Influence of
Temperature, pH, and C/N Ratio on the Growth and Survival of
Earthworms in Municipal Solid Waste. Manuscript FP 04 014. Vol
VII. November, 2005. ---
43.) G. Gustafsson, K-H. Jeppsson, J. Hultgren, and J-O. Sanno.
Techniques to Reduce the Ammonia Release from a Cowshed with
Tied Dairy Cattle. Manuscript BC 04 010. Vol. VII. November,
2005. ---
44.) K. Hassenberg and Chr. Idler. Influence of Washing Method
on the Quality of Prepacked Iceberg Lettuce. Manuscript FP 05
003. Vol. VII. November, 2005. ---
45.) E. Mamman and K. Oni. Draught Performance of a Range of
Model Chisel Furrowers. Manuscript PM 05 003. Vol. VII.
November, 2005. ---
46.) E. Mamman, B. Umar, and N. Aviara. Effect of Moisture
Content and Loading Orientation on the Mechanical Properties of
Balanites Aegyptiaca Nuts. Manuscript FP 04 015. Vol. VII.
December, 2005. ---
47.) Y. Yiljep, G. Fumen, and E. Ajisegiri. The Effects of Peeling,
Splitting and Drying on Ginger Quality and Oil/oleoresin Content.
Manuscript FP 05 009. Vol. VII. December, 2005. ---
48.) Y. Yiljep and U. Mohammed. Effect of Knife Velocity on
Cutting Energy and Efficiency during Impact Cutting of Sorghum
Stalk. Manuscript PM 05 004. Vol. VII. December, 2005. ---
49.) G. Gustafsson and E. von Wachenfelt. Measures against
Ammonia Release in a Floor Housing System for Laying Hens.
Manuscript BC 05 003. Vol. VII. December, 2005. ---
50.) A. Prochnow, M. Heiermann, A. Drenckhan, and H. Schelle.
Seasonal Pattern of Biomethanisation of Grass from Landscape
Managemant. Manuscript EE 05 011. Vol. VII. December, 2005. ---
51.) A. Wagner and W. Buescher. Compression Characteristics of
Wilted Grass. Manuscript IT 05 007. Vol. VII. December, 2005. ---
52.) H. Kushwaha, A. Srivastava, and H. Singh. Development and
Performance Evaluation of an Okra Seed Extractor. Manuscript PM
05 001. Vol. VII. December, 2005. ----
53.) P. Mahnert, M. Heiermann, and B. Linke. Batch- and Semicontinuous Biogas Production from Different Grass Species.
Manuscript EE 05 010. Vol. VII. December, 2005. ---
Invited Overview Articles ---
1.) L. Pereira. Water and Agriculture: Facing Water Scarcity and
Environmental Challenges. Invited Overview. Vol. VII. February
2005. ---
2.) A. Raji and A. Olamutu. Prospects of Computer Vision
Automated Sorting Systems in Agricultural Process Operations in
Nigeria. Invited Overview. Vol. VII. February 2005. ---
3.) J. Yuan. The Status of China's Agricultural Machinery Industry
and the Prospects for International Cooperation. Invited Overview.
Club of Bologna. Vol. VII. March, 2005. ---
4.) S. Li. Agricultural Mechanization Promotion in China-Current
Situation and Future. Invited Overview. Club of Bologna. Vol. VII.
March, 2005. ---
5.) G. Gavioli. Cost Benefits of the Platform Principles for Tractors
and Other Agricultural Machinery. Invited Overview. Club of
Bologna. Vol. VII. March, 2005. ---
6.) G. Gavioli. Cost Benefits of the Platform Principles for Tractors
and Other Agricultural Machinery. Invited Overview. Power Point
Slides. Club of Bologna. Vol. VII. March, 2005. ---
7.) A. Segre and H. Petrics. EU Enlargement and its Influence on
Agriculture and Mechanisation. Invited Overview. Club of Bologna.
Vol. VII. March, 2005. ---
8.) E. Gasparetto. Conclusions and recommendations. Invited
Overview. Club of Bologna. Vol. VII. March, 2005. ---
9.) J. Ullman. Remedial Activities to Reduce Atmospheric
Pollutants from Animal Feeding Operations. Invited Overview. Vol.
VII. June, 2005. ---
10.) Y. Mijinyawa. Agricultural Engineering Education in Nigeria.
Invited Overview. Vol. VII. August. 2005