Applications and Future Trends of Extracellular Vesicles in Biomaterials Science and Engineering

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from natural resources and human cells are innovative biomaterials with vast potential for a wide range of applications. The applications of EVs are expanding rapidly, particularly in emerging fields such as biomaterialomics, information transfer, data storage, and 3D bioprinting, where principles of synthetic biology also come into play. These versatile structures exhibit diverse morphologies and compositions, depending on their cellular origin. As a result, they have been incorporated as key components in both medical and engineering fields. Their integration into these materials has facilitated research in various areas, including DNA and RNA storage, 3D printing, and mitochondrial transfer. Whilst the sustainable production of EVs using validated and standardized methods remains a significant challenge, it is crucial to acknowledge their tremendous potential and prepare for future scientific breakthroughs facilitated by EVs

Applications of Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Nerve Regeneration

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles, and other lipid vesicles derived from cells, play a pivotal role in intercellular communication by transferring information between cells. EVs secreted by progenitor and stem cells have been associated with the therapeutic effects observed in cell-based therapies, and they also contribute to tissue regeneration following injury, such as in orthopaedic surgery cases. This review explores the involvement of EVs in nerve regeneration, their potential as drug carriers, and their significance in stem cell research and cell-free therapies. It underscores the importance of bioengineers comprehending and manipulating EV activity to optimize the efficacy of tissue engineering and regenerative therapies

Exosome structures supported by machine learning can be used as a promising diagnostic tool

Principal component analysis (PCA) as a machine-learning technique could serve in disease diagnosis and prognosis by evaluating the dynamic morphological features of exosomes via Cryo-TEM-imaging. This hypothesis was investigated after the crude isolation of similarly featured exosomes derived from the extracellular vehicles (EVs) of immature dendritic cells (IDCs) JAWSII. It is possible to identify functional molecular groups by FTIR, but the unique physical and morphological characteristics of exosomes can only be revealed by specialized imaging techniques such as cryo-TEM. On the other hand, PCA has the ability to examine the morphological features of each of these IDC-derived exosomes by considering software parameters such as various membrane projections and differences in Gaussians, Hessian, hue, and class to assess the 3D orientation, shape, size, and brightness of the isolated IDC-derived exosome structures. In addition, Brownian motions from nanoparticle tracking analysis of EV IDC-derived exosomes were also compared with EV IDC-derived exosome images collected by scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. Sodium-Dodecyl-Sulphate-Polyacrylamide-Gel-Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was performed to separate the protein content of the crude isolates showing that no considerable protein contamination occurred during the crude isolation technique of IDC-derived-exosomes. This is an important finding because no additional purification of these exosomes is required, making PCA analysis both valuable and novel

Chitosan/poly(ethylene glycol)/hyaluronic acid biocompatible patches obtained by electrospraying

Ficai, Anton/0000-0002-1777-0525; /0000-0003-1956-4474WOS: 000440076800002PubMed: 30004390Electrospray is a promising technique to scale-up production of microparticles and nanoparticles. In this study, electrospraying was used in order to produce candidate biopatches (CPH) by using chitosan, poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) and hyaluronic acid (HA). Four different ratios of polymer blend compositions (CPH1, CPH2, CPH3 and CPH4) were tested by dissolving in 2% acetic acid solution (Ac.A.). The HA amount in each blend was kept the same to designate the optimum surface with different chitosan/PEG ratios for electrospray process. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies showed that obtained patches had highly adhesive surfaces with the aid of heterogeneously distributed micro- and nano-particles. Additionally, video images of FTIR microscopy and AFM images proved that all surfaces have similar heterogeneity except CPH2. The most homogenous surface was obtained by CPH3. Patches were directly subjected to antibacterial tests against ten different types of gram positive and gram negative bacteria using disc diffusion assay (Kirby-Bauer method). Extraordinarily there was no antibacterial property of patches coated with microparticles. Finally, biocompatibility studies were performed by using mouse fibroblast L929 cell lines (ATTC number CCL-1) to test cell adhesion and proliferation properties of the patches. Results of 72 h viability tests proved the electrospray of ternary blends had displayed good biocompatibility; in particular, CPH3 had the highest cell viability.Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University Research Funds through BAP Project [2018.03.03.1295]Muhammet Yildirim, Arzu Birinci Yildirim and Esra Cansever Mutlu thank Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University Research Funds through BAP Project 2018.03.03.1295

Improvement of antibacterial and biocompatibility properties of electrospray biopolymer films by ZnO and MCM-41

This study aims the improvement of antibacterial and biocompatibility properties of electrospray ternary blends of chitosan/poly(ethylene glycol)/hyaluronic acid. It conserves microscale particle structure even after incorporating zinc oxide (ZnO), the zeolite Mobil Composition of Matter No. 41 (MCM41) and penicillin G during this technique. Three different electrospray (ESP) blend compositions (ESPI, ESPII and ESPIII) have been produced in order to improve both antibacterial activity against to both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and biocompatibility. Results of FTIR spectroscopy and microscopy verified with SEM, EDS and AFM analyses. Hyaluronic acid surface has been specified definitely through ZnO-based ESPI surface composed of heterogeneously dispersed microparticles. Surface structures of ESPII and ESPIII have more homogenously dispersed microparticles as hill–valley surface by the aid of MCM 41-PEN. Antibacterial activity has been performed by Kirby–Bauer method. ESPI has good antibacterial activity against both gram-positive (S. aureus and S. epidermidis) and gram-negative bacteria (E. cloacea). Each electrospray film displayed good biocompatibility against to mouse fibroblast cell line L929 (ATTC number CCL-1). The highest amount of cell proliferation has been detected on ESPIII surface. © 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.2018.03.03.1295, BAP-18, 2018-19Authors thank to BAİBÜ-BAP Project division for financial supports (Project No: 2018.03.03.1295). Besides, Esra Cansever Mutlu thanks to BEYKENT UNIVERSITY BAP Project (Project No: 2018-19.BAP-18) for financial support. Also, this study was possible due to the benefit of the infrastructure of the National Centre for Micro and Nanomaterials as well as the National Centre for Food Security belonging to University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania