Combustion characteristics of a spark ignition engine operating with liquid lpg injection

Issues on global warming, stringent emissions regulation and unstable fuel price are among the primary reasons that lead to the usage of alternative fuels in internal combustion engines. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is one of the most popular alternative fuels for spark ignition (SI) engines that received lots of attention due to its availability and acknowledged superior properties than gasoline. However, detail analysis on latest technology of liquid LPG injection that introduces the fuel in liquid phase during injection is scarcely found. With this motivation, a comprehensive experimental study on an SI engine has been conducted in order to evaluate effects of the liquid LPG injection. A series of experiments was performed at several engine speeds ranging from 1500rpm until 4000rpm with a step size of 500rpm. During the experiments, four throttle position (TP) were tested; 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The experimental results between liquid LPG injection and gasoline were compared. It was found that liquid LPG injection has the capability to increase the engine torque and brake power by 9.56% and 8.34%, respectively as compared to gasoline. Since the LPG has lower carbon to hydrogen ratio than gasoline, the reduction of carbon related emissions, CO2 and CO were found lower in LPG operation by 9.15% and 58.55% respectively than gasoline at all testing conditions. Meanwhile, HC and NOx were recorded higher for LPG, compared to gasoline at all testing conditions. Statistical analysis indicates that liquid LPG operation in SI engine exhibited better combustion stability with 14.87% lower coefficient of variation (COV) of maximum in-cylinder pressure peak throughout the testing than gasoline. In addition, liquid LPG injection also showed improvement on the in-cylinder pressure, rate of pressure rise (ROPR) and rate of heat release (ROHR) where the maximum plot of these parameters was found higher with the usage of liquid LPG injection than gasoline

Effects of biodiesel fuel temperature on performance and emissions of a compression ignition (CI) engine

Diesel engines are still widely needed and applicable to light duty passenger car and heavy duty vehicles. In recent years, limited supply of fossil fuel makes alternative sources of fuel especially biodiesel receiving a lot of attention in the automotive industry. However, in using biodiesel as fuel had created poor fuel-air mixing that generally will produce lower performance and higher emissions than diesel fuel. This is associated with the fuel properties especially viscosity that higher compared to diesel fuel. The aim of this present research was to investigate the effects of preheated biodiesel based crude palm oil (B5, B10 and B15) at 40oC, 50oC and 60oC on performance and emissions of diesel engine at three different load conditions, which are 0% load, 50% load and 100% load. A four-cylinder four strokes cycle, water cooled, direct injection engine was used for the experiments. The results showed that the maximum performance produced was at 0% load condition with the 60oC of heating temperature by B10 where the torque, flywheel torque and brake power increased by 11.55%, 11.42% and 4.16% respectively compared to diesel fuel. While for the emissions, the preheat temperature results on the decrement of CO emission for all load conditions and the maximum reduction recorded was 41.2%. However, the increment of fuel temperature promotes to the higher NOx emissions produced and the maximum increment recorded was 51.7%

The Effect of Inner Duct on Aerodynamic Noise of an Outside Rear View Mirror

Vehicle outside rear view mirror is one of the parts that produce aerodynamic noise. When the airflow gets contact with the body, aerodynamic noise produced as well as vibration noises caused by friction between air and the body. The study focused on the aerodynamic noise of vehicle outside rear view mirror produced during cruising or speeding. This research aims to analyze sound pressure level reduction by using different design of outside rear view mirror. SOLIDWORKS and ANSYS FLUENT computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation were used to design outside rear view mirror and analyze the aerodynamic noise. Boundary condition analysis and 3D modelling geometry were used as the method to conduct this project. This study involved two different outside rear view mirror designs which are the reference design and inner duct design. Each mirror was tested with 3 vehicle speeds: 110 km/h, 130 km/h and 150 km/h. Analysis shows that inner duct outside rear view mirror has lower sound pressure level produced compared to reference outside rear view mirror. An average, inner duct outside rear view mirror has 39.47 % noise reduction while reference outside rear view mirror has lower noise reduction which is 22.03 %. This can be concluded that inner duct outside rear view mirror is better design to reduce air resistance, surface area contacts and sound pressure level

Overview effect of biodiesel storage on properties and characteristics

Abstract. Biofuels based on vegetable oils offer the advantage being a sustainable and environmen-tally attractive alternative to conventional petroleum based fuel. The key issue in using vegetable oil-based fuels is oxidation stability, stoichiometric point, bio-fuel composition, antioxidants on the degradation and much oxygen with comparing to diesel gas oil. This provides a critical review of current understanding of main factor in storage method which affecting the biodiesel properties and characteristics. In the quest for fulfill the industry specifications standard; the fuel should be stored in a clean, dry and dark environment. Water and sediment contamination are basically housekeep-ing issues for biodiesel. Degradation by oxidation yields products that may compromise fuel proper-ties, impair fuel quality and engine performance. The effect of storage method on the fuel properties and burning process in biodiesel fuel combustion will strongly affects the exhaust emissions

Effect of storage temperature and storage duration on biodiesel properties and characteristics

Biodiesel based on vegetable oils offer the advantage being a sustainable and environmentally attractive alternative to conventional petroleum based fuel. Biodiesel is produced from any fat or oil such as soybean oil, through a refinery process called transesterification. The key issue in using vegetable oil-based fuels is oxidation stability, stoichiometric point, bio-fuel composition, antioxidants on the degradation and much oxygen with comparing to diesel gas oil. Biodiesel can be used as a pure fuel or blended with petroleum in any percentage but the standard storage and handling procedures used for biodiesel are the main issue due to the biodiesel fuel specifications. In the quest for fulfill the industry specifications standard; the fuel should be stored in a clean, dry and dark environment. In this research, three different storage temperature were study which are; low (0 – 5 °C), ambient, and high (40 – 50 °C). The key parameters that are required to store biodiesel are discussed, and the recent research advances are noted. Five types of biodiesel after storage all the samples for 2016 hours were tested plus with two product of combustion. Images analysis for combustion process was used to image appearances analysis. Under 2016 hours of storage duration, the effect of degradation was happen although the effect is not significance because the changes are still in acceptable ranges

Factors Affecting on the Brake Response Time of Motorcycle

Vehicle collision accidents happen frequently. A study was conducted, and the findings indicated that warning systems (visual, auditory, or tactile) would reduce the number of collisions and improved brake response times. The purpose of this study is to factors affecting on the brake response time of following vehicle with respect to motorcycle. The survey was made using Google Form and sent to random 54 respondents in UTHM residents. A few factors that brought major influence to Brake Reaction Time such as Age, Gender, Drive Skills, Driving Experience, Road Accident Experient, Mistake while driving and leg riding position were chose as variable for this study. Software called SPSS is used to organize and evaluate the data that have been collected. Results indicate that, for the most of the factors listed, flashing or conventional brake lights appear to improve brake response time. This study significantly expands our understanding of how brake lights affect brake response time. All of the data have been discussed, and the majority of studies have shown that conventional brake lights indeed speed up drivers' responses. According to some statistics, flashing lights marginally slow down respondents' reaction times

Modern biomass-based transportation fuels from pyrolysis process, bio-ethanol, bio-methanol and bio-diesel

In this paper, the modern biomass-based transportation fuels such as fuels from Pyrolysis process, bio-ethanol, bio-methanol, and bio-diesel are briefly reviewed. Here, the term bio-fuel and non-organic fuel is referred to as liquid or gaseous fuels for the transport sector that are predominantly produced from biomass. There are several reasons for bio-fuels and non-organic fuel to be considered as relevant technologies by both developing and industrialized countries. They include energy security reasons, environmental concerns, foreign exchange savings, and socioeconomic issues related to the rural sector. The term modern biomass is generally used to describe the traditional biomass use through the efficient and clean combustion technologies and sustained supply of biomass resources, environmentally sound and competitive fuels, heat and electricity using modern conversion technologies. Modern bio-mass can be used for the generation of electricity and heat. Bio-ethanol, bio-methanol and bio-diesel as well as diesel produced from biomass by Pyrolysis process are the most modern biomass-based transportation fuels. Bio-ethanol is a petrol additive/substitute

Comparative evaluation of two peripheral information systems using motion sickness subjective rating

Motion sickness (MS) mitigation devices have gained attention in the research related to automated vehicle (AV) driving. While different modalities have been proposed, the visual-related modality has shown promises as most activities inside the AV. In this study, we measured the level of MS experienced by the 38 participants using two visual-based prototypes when they underwent the automated driving test rides. Results indicated that participants experienced less MS when using P1 than P2

Effect of Performance and Exhaust Emission using Liquid Phase LPG Sequential Injection as an Alternative Fuel in Spark Ignition Engine

LPG has a higher research octane number (RON) and low carbon to hydrogen ratio contains. Thus LPG has prospects to gain more performance and reducing the exhaust emission in spark ignition (SI) engine. The objectives of this study are to identify the influence liquid phase LPG system tested on SI engine and investigate the performance and exhaust emission of LPG and gasoline. The contain LPG has 60% butane and 40% propane, according to Materials Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). The experiment was operating on a 1.6 Liter, 4 inline cylinders from a Proton Gen 2 (S4PH). The engine fuel delivery was equipped with Multiport Injection (MPI) system. Injectors LPG Liquid Sequential Injection (LSI) was mounted at close intake valve without disturbing gasoline injectors. To control the LPG injector system, the piggy-back system was installed as to emulate the stock Electronic Control Unit (ECU). The engine was tested via chassis dynamometer at steady state conditions to analyze the Brake Power (BP) and Brake Torque (BT) at a desired engine speed from 1500rpm to 4000rpm with increments of 500rpm. Meanwhile, the Throttle Position (TP) was varied at four conditions that were 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% for every single engine speed. The result of the performance showed liquid phase LPG increased BT and BP in the range of 3% to 7%, BSFC was reduced in the range 21% to 52%. The exhaust emission from carbon monoxide (CO) was decreased in the range of 2% to 19%, exhaust emission from a hydrocarbon (HC) was emitted increment in the range of 40% to70% and nitrogen oxide (NOX) exhaust emission was elevated in an average of 60% in comparison with gasoline. The LPG LSI system is more effective than gasoline in Spark Ignition (SI) engine at lower engine speed (1500rpm to 2500rpm) due to low Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) and exhaust emission

Sound absorption characteristics of Durian husk fibers reinforced polyurethane composite

Nowadays sound adsorption is required in most industrial applications. Sound adsorption materials are needed mainly in automotive, production environments and equipment, generating a higher sound pressure leading to a more efficient and economical development. Noise is an important environmental issue in modern society and is increasingly recognized as a pollutant that affects human health and well-being..