Fish diversity of a spring field in Hopong Town, Taunggyi District, Shan State, Myanmar (the Salween River Basin), with genetic comparisons to some “species endemic to Inle Lake”

Hopong, a small town in the Salween (Thanlwin) River Basin, Myanmar, is located 35 km northeast of Inle Lake, a famous ancient lake with numerous endemic fish species. We surveyed the fish fauna of a spring pond in Hopong in 2016, 2019 and 2020 and identified 25 species. Of these, seven, including Inlecypris auropurpureus and Sawbwa resplendens, had been considered endemic to Inle Lake and at least three species were genetically unique. Eight were suspected or definite introduced species, including Oreochromis niloticus and Gambusia affinis. We were unable to identify a nemacheilid species of the genus Petruichthys, which would need a taxonomic examination. The Hopong area is being developed rapidly and, hence, it is crucial to conserve its native fish species and the freshwater ecosystems

A dataset of fishes in and around Inle Lake, an ancient lake of Myanmar, with DNA barcoding, photo images and CT/3D models

ミャンマーの古代湖インレー湖で一世紀ぶりに魚類相調査, 約四割が外来魚。標本の3Dモデルもオンライン公開. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2016-12-02.Background: Inle (Inlay) Lake, an ancient lake of Southeast Asia, is located at the eastern part of Myanmar, surrounded by the Shan Mountains. Detailed information on fish fauna in and around the lake has long been unknown, although its outstanding endemism was reported a century ago

Mesozoic origin and ‘out-of-India’ radiation of ricefishes (Adrianichthyidae)

The Indian subcontinent has an origin geologically different from Eurasia, but many terrestrial animal and plant species on it have congeneric or sister species in other parts of Asia, especially in the Southeast. This faunal and floral similarity between India and Southeast Asia is explained by either of the two biogeographic scenarios, ‘into-India’ or ‘out-of-India’. Phylogenies based on complete mitochondrial genomes and five nuclear genes were undertaken for ricefishes (Adrianichthyidae) to examine which of these two biogeographic scenarios fits better. We found that Oryzias setnai, the only adrianichthyid distributed in and endemic to the Western Ghats, a mountain range running parallel to the western coast of the Indian subcontinent, is sister to all other adrianichthyids from eastern India and Southeast–East Asia. Divergence time estimates and ancestral area reconstructions reveal that this western Indian species diverged in the late Mesozoic during the northward drift of the Indian subcontinent. These findings indicate that adrianichthyids dispersed eastward ‘out-of-India’ after the collision of the Indian subcontinent with Eurasia, and subsequently diversified in Southeast–East Asia. A review of geographic distributions of ‘out-of-India’ taxa reveals that they may have largely fuelled or modified the biodiversity of Eurasia.journal articl

Garra waensis, a new cyprinid fish (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes) from the Nan River basin of the Chao Phraya River system, northern Thailand

Lothongkham, Amornchai, Arbsuwan, Sakda, Musikasinthorn, Prachya (2014): Garra waensis, a new cyprinid fish (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes) from the Nan River basin of the Chao Phraya River system, northern Thailand. Zootaxa 3790 (4): 543-554, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3790.4.

Mitogenomic Evidence for an Indo-West Pacific Origin of the Clupeoidei (Teleostei: Clupeiformes)

<div><p>The clupeoid fishes are distributed worldwide, with marine, freshwater and euryhaline species living in either tropical or temperate environments. Regional endemism is important at the species and genus levels, and the highest species diversity is found in the tropical marine Indo-West Pacific region. The clupeoid distribution follows two general pattern of species richness, the longitudinal and latitudinal gradients. To test historical hypotheses explaining the formation of these two gradients, we have examined the early biogeography of the Clupeoidei in reconstructing the evolution of their habitat preferences along with their ancestral range distributions on a time-calibrated mitogenomic phylogeny. The phylogenetic results support the distinction of nine main lineages within the Clupeoidei, five of them new. We infer several independent transitions from a marine to freshwater environment and from a tropical to temperate environment that occurred after the initial diversification period of the Clupeoidei. These results combined with our ancestral range reconstruction hypothesis suggest that the probable region of origin and diversification of the Clupeoidei during the Cretaceous period was the tropical marine precursor to the present Indo-West Pacific region. Thus, our study favors the hypotheses of “Region of origin” and “Tropical conservatism” to explain the origins of the longitudinal and latitudinal gradients of clupeoid species richness, respectively. Additional geological and paleontological evidence further define the tropical marine paleo-region of origin as the eastern Tethys Sea region. The Cretaceous fossil record of the Clupeoidei is partially incongruent with the results here as it contains taxa found outside this region. We discuss three possible causes of conflict between our biogeographical hypothesis and the distributions of the Cretaceous clupeoid fossils: regional extinction, incomplete taxonomic sampling and incorrect timescale estimation.</p> </div

Most likely ancestral ranges reconstruction of the Clupeoidei during the Cretaceous and early Cenozoic period using the dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis (DEC) model [116], [117] onto a simplified Bayesian phylogenetic chronogram.

<p>Outgroups (i.e., non-clupeoids) were deleted and biogeographically redundant clupeoid taxa were merged with their respective sister group (see material and methods for details). Ancestral ranges at nodes within each major lineage not reconstructed. Horizontal timescale in million of years ago (Mya) (Paleogene epoch abbreviations: Paleo, Paleocene; Eo, Eocene; and Oligo, Oligocene). Most likely ancestral ranges reconstruction at nodes indicated by code-color boxes (see Fig. 1B for correspondence between regions and two or three-letter codes and colors). Black arrows indicate the three dispersal events predating or likely predating the K-Pg boundary and black arrowheads indicate subsequent allopatric cladogenesis. Temperate lineage branches are underlined in blue and white arrowheads indicate marine to freshwater transitions. “*” after a species name indicates that closely related species to this species have been pruned (see material and methods for details); “**” after a species name indicates that this species is a representative of a supra-specific group having a larger geographical distribution. “<i>NC</i>” at nodes indicate that the ancestral ranges were not estimated at these nodes. On the left side, the spatio-temporal context is illustrated with four schematic paleoreconstructions (at 90, 65 and 50 Mya) on which are indicated the temporally corresponding clupeoid fossil localities by white (marine/brackish) and grey (freshwater) stars. Emerged lands are displayed in black and marine environments in blue with the shallow parts in lighter blue. One additional reconstruction (D) shows the current geographical context with the biogeographical units. The clupeoid fossil localities are: 1- the Cenomanian locality “Loma la Mula” in Coahuila, northeastern Mexico (taxon:†<i>Scombroclupea occidentalis</i> currently considered as a clupeid <i>incertae sedis</i>) <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0056485#pone.0056485-Giersch1" target="_blank">[88]</a>; 2- the marine shale yielded in the Taquari Member (Albian) of Riachuelo Formation (state of Sergipe, Northeastern Brazil) (taxon:†<i>Nolfia riachuelensis</i> currently considered as a clupeid <i>ad interim</i>) <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0056485#pone.0056485-DeFigueiredo1" target="_blank">[81]</a>; 3- the marine deposit from the Cenomanian of Kipala, Democratic Republic of Congo (taxon:†<i>Nolfia kwangoensis</i> currently considered as a clupeid <i>incertae sedis</i>) and the marine Santonian of Vonso, Democratic Republic of Congo (taxon:†<i>Audenaerdia casieri</i> currently considered as a clupeid <i>incertae sedis</i>) <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0056485#pone.0056485-Taverne6" target="_blank">[85]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0056485#pone.0056485-Taverne7" target="_blank">[89]</a>; 4- the Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) Komen (Slovenia) fossil lagerstätte (taxon: †<i>Scombroclupea macrophthalma</i> currently considered as a clupeoid <i>incertae sedis</i>); <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0056485#pone.0056485-Forey1" target="_blank">[83]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0056485#pone.0056485-Jurkovsek1" target="_blank">[138]</a>; 5- the Cenomanian fossil fish localities of Lebanon (e.g., Namoura, Hakel and Hajula) (taxa: †<i>Scombroclupea</i> spp. currently considered as clupeoids <i>incertae sedis</i>) <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0056485#pone.0056485-Forey1" target="_blank">[83]</a>; 6- the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Cayara, El Molino Formation, Bolivia (taxon:†<i>Gastroclupea branisai</i> currently considered as a pristigasterid <i>incertae sedis</i>) <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0056485#pone.0056485-Grande3" target="_blank">[39]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0056485#pone.0056485-DeFigueiredo1" target="_blank">[81]</a>; 7- the Upper Cretaceous (Campano-Maastrichtian limit, 74.0 Mya) marine sediments of Nardò, Italy (taxa: †<i>Portoselvaggioclupea whiteheadi</i> and †<i>Nardoclupea grandei</i> [Dussumieriinae], †<i>Pugliaclupea nolardi</i> [Clupeinae], †<i>Lecceclupea ehiravaensis</i> [Pellonulinae], and †<i>Italoclupea nolfi</i> [Alosinae]) <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0056485#pone.0056485-Taverne1" target="_blank">[51]</a>–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0056485#pone.0056485-Taverne4" target="_blank">[54]</a>; 8- The Middle Paleocene Tongue River Formation (lacustrine limestone), near Bay Horse, Montana, USA (taxon: †<i>Knightia vetusta</i> currently considered as a clupeoid <i>incertae sedis</i>) <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0056485#pone.0056485-Grande4" target="_blank">[40]</a>; 9- the Middle Eocene Laney Member of the Green River Formation, southwestern Wyoming, USA (lacustrine deposits)(taxon: †<i>Gosiutichthys parvus</i> currently considered as a clupeoid <i>incertae sedis</i>) and the Lower Eocene lacustrine sediments of Wyoming, Colorado and Utah, USA (taxa: †<i>Knightia alta</i> and †<i>Knightia eocaena</i> currently considered as clupeoids <i>incertae sedis</i>) <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0056485#pone.0056485-Grande4" target="_blank">[40]</a>; 10- the Lower Eocene (52.0 Mya) marine sediments of Monte Bolca, Italy (taxa: several species of Clupeidae including at least one species of Dussumieriinae <i>sensu</i> Grande <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0056485#pone.0056485-Grande1" target="_blank">[18]</a>); 11- the Upper Paleocene freshwater lacustrine deposits of Bamanbor and Ninania of Saurashtra, India (taxon: †<i>Horaclupea intertrappea</i> currently considered as a clupeid <i>incertae sedis</i>) and the Eocene Saline Series of the Salt range of Pakistan (taxon: the clupeid †<i>Horaclupea geei</i>) <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0056485#pone.0056485-Grande1" target="_blank">[18]</a>; 12- the Late Paleocene fish fauna of the Danata Formation in Turkmenistan (taxon: †<i>Primisardinella genetrix</i> currently considered as a clupeid <i>incertae sedis</i>) <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0056485#pone.0056485-Grande1" target="_blank">[18]</a> and 13- the Eocene (probably freshwater) deposits of Hupei, China (taxon: †<i>Knightia yuyanga</i> currently considered as a clupeid <i>incertae sedis</i>) <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0056485#pone.0056485-Grande1" target="_blank">[18]</a>.</p

Phylogenetic chronogram of the Clupeoidei based on a Bayesian relaxed clock analysis (using BEAST v1.7.4 [103]) of the mitogenomic dataset, calibrated with seven fossil-based constraints (see text for details).

<p><i>Coregonus lavaretus</i> and <i>Esox lucius</i> are together used to root the tree. Horizontal timescale is in million years before present (Mya) (Paleogene Epoch abbreviations: Paleo, Paleocene; Eo, Eocene; and Oligo, Oligocene). Black horizontal bars (indicating calibration constraints on the corresponding nodes) and light grey gradient horizontal bars at nodes are 95% age credibility intervals. Numbers given at nodes are the Bayesian posterior probabilities when <1. Black arrowheads indicate the crown group origins of lineages of Clupeoidei as discussed in the text.</p

Maximum likelihood tree of the Clupeoidei from analysis of the mitogenomic dataset (using RAxML [99]).

<p>Branch lengths are proportional to the number of substitutions per nucleotide position (scale bar = 0.05 substitutions). Numbers at nodes are Bootstrap proportions (in percentage). The tree is rooted with <i>Coregonus lavaretus</i> and <i>Esox lucius</i>. Abbreviation: <i>C.</i>, <i>Chirocentrus</i>.</p