Effects of Early Childhood Education Training Program on the Development of Children

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of early childhood education training program on the development of child. First objective of the study was to identify the existing Early Childhood Training Programs. Second objective of the study was to analyze the effects of Early Childhood Education Training Program in the light of stakeholders. Third objective of the study was to evaluate the ECE Training Program in the development of children. Fourth objective was to suggest some guidelines for effectiveness of ECE trainings programs. The nature of the study was mix method. The population of the research study was pre-schools of Taxila city. The teachers and heads of pre-schools were included in the population. The population of the study was 3 heads and 90 teachers. The sample of the study was 100% of the population sample included 3 heads and 90 teachers. The interview and questionnaire was personally administered by researcher herself. Qualitative and quantitative respondents were randomly selected. Chi-Square association test was utilized to explore the association between responses of the students. In this research study early childhood education training program was the independent variable. ECE training program factors named as knowledge and teaching competency of teachers, command on subject matter, use of AV aids, theories and principles of learning, lesson planning skills, assessment skills and time management skills were used to analyze the effectiveness of training program. The study recommended that to make teaching process more effective and to get better results in field of education teacher may have pedagogical skills to improve classroom management. The study also recommended that in order to make productive teaching teacher may reflect upon their teaching strategies and teaching style

Studies Directed Towards The Chemical Investigation Of Some Medicinal And Aromatic Plants And Transformation Of Their Major Constituents Into Pharmacodynamic Compounds

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گرگِ شب اور اقدارِ شرق کی حساسیت

"Gurg-i-shab" is a famous novel of Ikram ullah published in 1978. It is an important novel in relation to the sensitivity of Eastern values. Basically it is a psychological novel whose story revolves around a man "Shafi/Zafar". He is illegitimate child of his step brother that's why faces humiliation and disgrace everywhere. He suffers from a certin level of stress as a result many psychological and sexual disorders are arising. He is living in a society where Human being is bound by dead values and moral system. He endures humiliation all his life despite being innocent. This novel and Shafi's character is a severe criticism on the collective attitude of our society which drives a Conscious person to a Mental Asylum. 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Head Teachers' supervisory practices and teachers’ motivation in teaching

The study examined the relationship between Government Secondary head teachers’ instructional supervisory practices and teachers’ motivation in teaching. Quantitative research approach and survey technique was used in the study. The main objective of the study was to determine the relationship between head teachers’ instructional supervisory practices and teachers’ motivation. The population of the study was all the male and female head teachers and teachers working in the Government high schools of District Sargodha. Multistage sampling technique was used to select the research participants from 75 randomly selected Government high schools of tehsil Sargodha, 75 head teachers and 225 teachers were selected on availability basis. Two self-developed questionnaires; one for head teachers and one for teachers were used as research instruments. Descriptive statistics, frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation and Pearson r correlation were used in analyzing data and reporting the study findings. The conclusion of the study was that there was positive and moderate relationship between head teachers’ supervisory practices and teachers’ motivation. On the basis of conclusion, it was recommended that DSD should arrange trainings for the head teachers to improve their inspection skills

Spatial Variability of Physical and Chemical Properties in Northern Himalayas of Kashmir Province

Due to geological and pedological soil-forming factors, spatial variability of soil physical and chemical properties across the agricultural fields is intrinsic by its nature, however variability may arise from tillage and other soil management practices. The main aim of this survey was to investigate the spatial variability of soil physical along with chemical properties and the preparation of thematic maps across the study area. The physico-chemical properties determined were Particle size distribution, Bulk density, Particle density, total porosity, soil resistance, soil pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), Organic carbon (OC), Nitrogen(N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium(K). Soil samples were collected from 45 sites using Geographical Positioning System (GPS) under different land-use systems. The results showed normal distribution for Sand, silt, particle density, electrical conductivity, and soil pH. Organic carbon recorded the maximum coefficient of variation (82.2%) and soil particle density (5.66%) the minimum. Soil macronutrients were medium in range excluding phosphorus which was found inadequate in the watershed. Employing such analytic work, it is feasible to devise accurate soil management practices and an unerring soil sampling system for taking efficient management judgments that result in sustainable agricultural production

Experimental investigation of photoionization cross section for the 3d

We report experimentally measured photoionization cross sections for the 3d 2D excited states of lithium and sodium at first ionization threshold. The experiments were performed using two dye lasers simultaneously pumped by the second harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser. The vapor contentment and the detection system was a thermionic diode ion detector operating in a space charge limited mode. Photoionization cross sections of the excited states were deduced from the dependence of ion signal intensity on the ionizing laser energies as 19 ± 3 Mb and 21.5 ± 3.5 Mb for lithium and sodium respectively, which are in good agreement with the previously computed theoretical results

Opto-electrical investigation of Zn metal-doped CdS and their application in soft lithographic technique

Un-doped CdS and Zn metal-doped CdS (0.1-0.5 M) were synthesized by chemical precipitation method. Properties like optical band gap and conductivity were determined by different characterization techniques. UV-Visible spectroscopy was applied to estimate the band gap where it showed a significant blue shift due to quantum confinement effect. Size determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was found to be in nanorange from 41 to 60 nm for both un-doped and metal doped CdS nanocrystals. EDAX confirmed the doping by showing peak for Zn. XRD (X-ray diffraction) showed the lattice structure to be cubic for the synthesized nanoparticles and conductivity for un-doped CdS was 7.69E-6 Ω-1m-1 where it changes to 9.25E-6 Ω-1 m-1 and 7.98E-6 Ω-1m-1 for 0.2 M and 0.5 M Zn-doped CdS, respectively. In order to obtain good results, nanocrystals having highest conductivity are used in soft lithographic technique. Here µTM (micro transfer-molding) was followed for patterning with PDMS (poly-(dimethylsiloxane)) mold and silicon substrate for better results

Fatty acid and phenolic profile of oil and mineral composition of green unripe and purple ripe olives (Olea ferruginea)

AbstractThe present study aimed to explore fluctuations in fatty acids and phenolic profiles of olive oil extracted from fruits of Olea ferruginea Royle harvested at green raw and purple ripe stages from the district Zhob, Balochistan, Pakistan. First, fruit sampling was conducted on 26th June when green olives appeared on trees; second, purple ripe olives were picked on 26th August. Due to very small size and large pit size, oil is extracted without de-pitting the fruit. High-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) system was used for fatty acid and phenolic profiling of both oil samples. Results showed that fatty acid composition of oil extracted from raw green and ripe purple olives falls in the normal range set for purity criteria for olive oils and olive pomace oils by International Olive Council 2019 except for behenic, caprylic, capric and lauric in both oils and oleic acid and linoleic acid of oil extracted from raw green olives which do fall in standard ranges. Fatty acid composition of the olive oil showed that the oil is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (range 50.71% in oil of green olives and 58.77% in oil of ripe purple olives), polyunsaturated fatty acids (range 30.45% in oil of raw green olives and 19.32% in oil of ripe purple olives) and saturated fatty acids (range 15.27–18.58% in olive oil obtained from raw green and ripe purple olives). SFAs showed least variation with ripening stages. There was high concentration of total phenolics in oil obtained from green raw olives (33.41 mg kg−1) as compared to oil of ripe purple olives (18.49 mg kg−1). The present study revealed that alpha, beta, gamma and delta tocopherols showed a uniform trend along with ripening of olive fruit, i.e. there is a clear decline in total tocopherol content of olive oil obtained from ripe purple olives. Green raw olives showed high values of α-tocopherol (192.47 mg kg−1), β + γ-tocopherols (233.65 mg kg−1) and δ-tocopherol (1087.48 mg kg−1). The present work concludes that ripening of olive fruit affects chemical composition of olive oil

Health behaviors and care seeking practices for childhood diarrhea and pneumonia in a rural district of Pakistan: A qualitative study.

Diarrhea and pneumonia are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children under five, and Pakistan is amongst the countries with the highest burden and low rates of related treatment coverage. We conducted a qualitative study as part of the formative phase to inform the design of the Community Mobilization and Community Incentivization (CoMIC) cluster randomized control trial (NCT03594279) in a rural district of Pakistan. We conducted in-dept interviews and focused group discussions with key stakeholders using a semi-structured study guide. Data underwent rigorous thematic analysis and major themes identified included socio-cultural dynamics, community mobilization and incentives, behavioral patterns and care seeking practices for childhood diarrhea and pneumonia, infant and young child feeding practices (IYCF), immunization, water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and access to healthcare. This study highlights shortcomings in knowledge, health practices and health systems. There was to a certain extent awareness of the importance of hygiene, immunization, nutrition, and care-seeking, but the practices were poor due to various reasons. Poverty and lifestyle were considered prime factors for poor health behaviors, while health system inefficiencies added to these as rural facilities lack equipment and supplies, resources, and funding. The community identified that intensive inclusive community engagement and demand creation strategies tied to conditioned short term tangible incentives could help foster behavior change