Comparing eye movements recorded by search coil and infrared eye tracking

Objective: The performance of a new video-based infrared eye tracker (IR) was compared to the magnetic search coil technique (SC). Since the IR offers interesting possibilities as a diagnostic tool in neuro-ophthalmology, it was investigated whether the new device has overcome shortcomings that were reported from former IR systems. Methods: Horizontal saccades were recorded using the IR and the SC. The IR allowed eye movement recordings at different sampling rates ranging from 250Hz to 1000Hz while the SC recorded at 1000Hz. Results/Conclusions: The results show that the IR and the SC were in good agreement and produced similar results. In contrast to other studies, the influence of the sampling rate of the IR was small. The saccade main-sequences did not show significant differences. The latency times observed for both systems were mainly in the short-latency rang

Under-reporting bicycle accidents to police in the COST TU1101 international survey: Cross-country comparisons and associated factors

Police crash reports are often the main source for official data in many countries. However, with the exception of fatal crashes, crashes are often underreported in a biased manner. Consequently, the countermeasures adopted according to them may be inefficient. In the case of bicycle crashes, this bias is most acute and it probably varies across countries, with some of them being more prone to reporting accidents to police than others. Assessing if this bias occurs and the size of it can be of great importance for evaluating the risks associated with bicycling. This study utilized data collected in the COST TU1101 action “Towards safer bicycling through optimization of bicycle helmets and usage”. The data came from an online survey that included questions related to bicyclists' attitudes, behaviour, cycling habits, accidents, and patterns of use of helmets. The survey was filled by 8655 bicyclists from 30 different countries. After applying various exclusion factors, 7015 questionnaires filled by adult cyclists from 17 countries, each with at least 100 valid responses, remained in our sample. The results showed that across all countries, an average of only 10% of all crashes were reported to the police, with a wide range among countries: from a minimum of 0.0% (Israel) and 2.6% (Croatia) to a maximum of a 35.0% (Germany). Some factors associated with the reporting levels were type of crash, type of vehicle involved, and injury severity. No relation was found between the likelihood of reporting and the cyclist's gender, age, educational level, marital status, being a parent, use of helmet, and type of bicycle. The significant under-reporting – including injury crashes that do not lead to hospitalization – justifies the use of self-report survey data for assessment of bicycling crash patterns as they relate to (1) crash risk issues such as location, infrastructure, cyclists' characteristics, and use of helmet and (2) strategic approaches to bicycle crash prevention and injury reduction.Fil: Shinar, D.. Ben Gurion University of the Negev; IsraelFil: Valero Mora, Pedro. Universidad de Valencia; EspañaFil: van Strijp Houtenbos, M.. Institute For Road Safety Research; Países BajosFil: Haworth, N.. Queensland University of Technology; AustraliaFil: Schramm, A.. Queensland University of Technology; AustraliaFil: de Bruyne, G.. Universiteit Antwerp; BélgicaFil: Cavallo, V.. No especifíca;Fil: Chliaoutakis, J.. No especifíca;Fil: Pereira Dias, Joao. Instituto Superior Tecnico; PortugalFil: Ferraro, Ottavia Eleonora. Universita Degli Studi Di Pavia; ItaliaFil: Fyhri, Aslak. No especifíca;Fil: Sajatovic, Anika Hursa. No especifíca;Fil: Kuklane, Kalev. Lund University; SueciaFil: Ledesma, Ruben Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Psicología Básica, Aplicada y Tecnología. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Psicología. Instituto de Psicología Básica, Aplicada y Tecnología.; ArgentinaFil: Calvé Mascarell, Oscar. Ben Gurion University of the Negev; IsraelFil: Morandi, A.. Universita Degli Studi Di Pavia; ItaliaFil: Muser, Markus. No especifíca;Fil: Otte, Diettmar. No especifíca;Fil: Papadakaki, M.. No especifíca;Fil: Sanmartín, J.. Universidad de Valencia; EspañaFil: Dulf, D.. No especifíca;Fil: Saplioglu, M.. No especifíca;Fil: Tzamalouka, Georgia. No especifíca

Comparing eye movements recorded by search coil and infrared eye tracking

OBJECTIVE: The performance of a new video-based infrared eye tracker (IR) was compared to the magnetic search coil technique (SC). Since the IR offers interesting possibilities as a diagnostic tool in neuro-ophthalmology, it was investigated whether the new device has overcome shortcomings that were reported from former IR systems. METHODS: Horizontal saccades were recorded using the IR and the SC. The IR allowed eye movement recordings at different sampling rates ranging from 250 Hz to 1000 Hz while the SC recorded at 1000 Hz. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the IR and the SC were in good agreement and produced similar results. In contrast to other studies, the influence of the sampling rate of the IR was small. The saccade main-sequences did not show significant differences. The latency times observed for both systems were mainly in the short-latency range

Analyse der rechtlichen Beziehungen von Dachvereinen zu ihren Zweigvereinen

In den letzten Jahren wurde die Möglichkeit zur Schaffung einer Zweigvereinsstruktur von vielen Vereinen in Anspruch genommen. In dieser Arbeit geht es darum, wesentliche Rechtsfragen, die bei der Bildung einer Zweigvereinsstruktur entstehen können, zu beantworten. Darunter fallen Fragen, wie ein Zweigverein gegründet werden kann, wie sich die Dach- und Zweigvereinstatuten zueinander verhalten, welche Organe er aufweisen muss, welche Möglichkeiten der Haftung entstehen können und auch wie sich die Auflösung des Dach- oder Zweigvereins auf den jeweilig anderen Verein auswirkt. Die österreichische Literatur und Rechtsprechung hat sich bis heute wenig mit der Zweigvereinsstruktur befasst, deshalb wird in dieser Diplomarbeit in einigen Bereichen ein Rechtsvergleich zu Deutschland hergestellt.Over the last few years many associations used the possibility to accomplish a structure of a branch. The intention of the present paper is to answer upcoming questions with regard to the formation of the structure of a branch. The questions may include issues concerning the foundation of a branch, the relation between the constitutions of a branch and an association, the required institutions, the possible conditions for liability and the consequences of a closure either of the branch or the association with regard to each other. Considering the fact that few attempts in Austrian literature and dispensation of justice have been made to shed light on this subject, this paper makes to some extend a comparative law approach with regard to a couple of German regulations as well.von Markus MuserAbweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des VerfassersGraz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2015(VLID)75299