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小中学生の学級集団内の友人グループに関する研究

早大学位記番号:新7394早稲田大

Development and characterization of PECVD grown silicon nanowires for thin film photovoltaics

Nanowires are high aspect ratio nanostructures with structural diameters on the order of nanometers to hundreds of nanometers. In this work, the optical properties of highly crystalline silicon nanowires grown by the Vapor-Liquid-Solid (VLS) method surrounded by a thin silicon shell are investigated for thin film solar cell applications. Crystalline core nanowires were surrounded by a conformal amorphous silicon shell and exhibited extremely high absorption of 95% at short wavelengths (λ780nm). Nanowires were disordered with average lengths ranging from 1.3 to 2.3 μm. The absorption increased at longer wavelengths as a function of amorphous shell radial thickness, significantly higher than the absorption of a reference planar a-Si thin film. In addition, a new method to grow epitaxial silicon at low growth temperatures on glass substrates is demonstrated. Highly crystalline silicon nanowires with an average length of 800 nm were used as the seed crystal to grow an epitaxial silicon shell around, using a low temperature process. The nanowire core was grown at 400°C, and the shell was grown at about 150°C. Such epitaxial grown nanowire shells could be used as a building block for nanotechnology applications in which epitaxial silicon is required over large-area substrates such as glass. Furthermore, the epitaxial silicon shell nanowires exhibited absorption > 90% up to a wavelength of 600 nm, which was significantly higher than that of a planar 1 μm nanocrystalline silicon film. The high absorption exhibited by nanowires with both amorphous and crystalline silicon shells makes them promising for use in photovoltaic and photodetector applications. Silicon nanowires were incorporated into thin film silicon n-i-p solar cells in two configurations: as a nanostructured back reflector, and in core-shell nanowire solar cells. First, domed-shaped nanostructures were fabricated by coating an array of silicon nanowires with a thick layer of amorphous silicon. After the nanostructures were coated with Ag and ZnO:Al, they were used as the backreflector in an n-i-p amorphous silicon solar cell. The nanostructured backreflector improved light scattering within the solar cell, leading to a short circuit current of 14.8mA/cm2, a 13% improvement over that of the planar device, which had a Jsc=13.1 mA/cm2. The overall conversion efficiency of nanostructured backreflector device was η = 8.87%, a strong improvement over that of the planar device (η = 7.47%). Silicon nanowires were also incorporated into core-shell nanowire solar cells. The first device architecture investigated consisted of nanowires incorporated as the intrinsic absorption layer between a planar n+ layer and conformal p+ layer. However, the fabricated devices exhibited very low collection efficiencies of < 2% due to the presence of impurities incorporated by the catalyst used during nanowire growth. As a result, the device architecture was modified such that the nanowires provided high aspect ratio structure to enhance absorption in a shell material, but the nanowires themselves were not used as an active device component. Nanowire core-amorphous silicon shell solar cells, on average 525 nm long and about 350nm in total diameter, exhibited an impressive low total reflectance of 700 nm. As a result, the core-shell nanowire devices exhibited enhancement in quantum efficiency at low wavelengths, λ 600nm as compared to a planar device. The resulting short circuit current was 14.1 mA/cm2 compared to 12.3 mA/cm2 for the planar device, an improvement of ~15%. Nanowire core- nanocrystalline silicon shell solar cells were also fabricated using the same device architecture. Core-shell nanowires with an average length of 800 nm showed significant enhancement in quantum efficiency over all wavelengths as compared to a 1 μm thick planar solar cell. The core-shell nanowire device had a short-circuit current of 16.2 mA/cm2 , a ~25% improvement over that of the planar thin film solar cell (Jsc=13.0 mA/cm2). Core-shell nanowire devices did, however, have lower open circuit voltage compared to the planar device. Non-conformal coverage was found to be a limiting factor in device performance, but further improvements can be expected with optimization of the n-i-p deposition conditions and nanowire density.1 yea

Origin of the visible-light response of nickel(II) oxide cluster surface modified titanium(IV) dioxide

A number of NiO clusters have been formed on TiO2 (anatase/rutile = 4/1 w/w, P-25, Degussa) in a highly dispersed state (NiO/TiO2) by the chemisorption-calcination cycle technique. The NiO/TiO2 causes high visible-light activities for the degradations of 2-naphthol and p-cresol exceeding those of FeOx/TiO2 (Tada et al. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 3501-3505). The main purpose of this study is to clarify the origin at an electronic level by the density functional simulation for NiO, Ni2O2, Ni3O3, and Ni4O4 clusters supported on TiO2 rutile (110) and anatase (001) surfaces. The clusters adsorb strongly on both rutile and anatase with adsorption energies ranging from -3.18 to -6.15 eV, creating new interfacial bonds between the clusters and both surfaces. On rutile, intermetallic Ni-Ti bonds facilitate stronger binding compared with anatase. The electronic structure shows that the top of the valence bands (VBs) of rutile and anatase arises from electronic states on the NiO cluster. On the other hand, the conduction band of rutile is from the Ti 3d states, whereas NiO cluster levels are generated near the conduction band minimum of anatase. This is in contrast to the SnO2/rutile TiO2 system, where the density of states near the conduction band minimum increases with the VB unmodified. In the NiO/TiO2 system, the band gaps of both rutile and anatase are narrowed by up to 0.8 eV compared with pristine TiO2, which pushes the photoactivity into the visible region. In view of the calculated electronic structure, we have attributed the enhanced photocataltyic activity both to the charge separation due to the excitation from the Ni 3d surface sub-band to the TiO2 conduction band and the action of the NiO species as a mediator for the electron transfer from the TiO2 conduction band to O-2

Risks of Chest X-ray Examination for Students

Chest X-ray (CXR) examination is considered essential for health checkups of students;thus, it is important to objectively assess the CXR for a better understanding of the appropriate X-ray exposure dose, and the risks such an examination entails. Accordingly, we performed a multi-institutional study regarding students' CXR exposure, during a 6year-period from 2002 (partially including 2001) to 2007, with the collaboration of national, municipal, and private universities and colleges in Japan. A glass badge was worn by the students at the time of CXR screening examination. These glass badges were collected, and their X-ray exposure doses were measured. The results indicated a tendency of decreasing exposure dose over the 6 years, though the difference was not significant. In a comparison of the chest X-ray systems within institutions (own X-ray equipmentinside systems) with those outside the institution (mobile X-ray equipmentoutside systems), the average exposure dose with the outside systems exceeded that of the inside systems. Both inside and outside systems included a few X-ray machines with which the exposure was more than 1mSv. Based on these facts, individuals in charge of student health checkups should be aware of the exposure dose of each chest fluorographic system at their institution.</p

Synchronizing learning material on Moodle and lecture based supportive tool: The REST based approach

A lecturer's role are the important part for the success of any eLearning platform, include Moodle LMS. Because only lecturers that enrich learning materials. Unfortunately, Indonesia still faces the bandwidth gap that made difficulties to use Moodle as a daily basis. Moreover, it will become complex when lecturer decide to install it on a local machine. This paper presents supportive tool that not only for enrich learning materials in offline conditions with easy initiation steps, but also synchronize it on remote LMS using Moodle RE ST web service in order to share learning material in limited bandwidth

Loading effect in copper(II) oxide cluster-surface-modified titanium(IV) oxide on visible- and UV-light activities

Cu(acac)2 is chemisorbed on TiO2 particles [P-25 (anatase/rutile = 4/1 w/w), Degussa] via coordination by surface Ti–OH groups without elimination of the acac ligand. Post-heating of the Cu(acac)2-adsorbed TiO2 at 773 K yields molecular scale copper(II) oxide clusters on the surface (CuO/TiO2). The copper loading amount (Γ/Cu ions nm–2) is controlled in a wide range by the Cu(acac)2 concentration and the chemisorption–calcination cycle number. Valence band (VB) X-ray photoelectron and photoluminescence spectroscopy indicated that the VB maximum of TiO2 rises up with increasing Γ, while vacant midgap levels are generated. The surface modification gives rise to visible-light activity and concomitant significant increase in UV-light activity for the degradation of 2-naphthol and p-cresol. Prolonging irradiation time leads to the decomposition to CO2, which increases in proportion to irradiation time. The photocatalytic activity strongly depends on the loading, Γ, with an optimum value of Γ for the photocatalytic activity. Electrochemical measurements suggest that the surface CuO clusters promote the reduction of adsorbed O2. First principles density functional theory simulations clearly show that, at Γ 1, the VB maximum rises and the unoccupied Cu 3d levels move to the conduction band minimum of TiO2. These results suggest that visible-light excitation of CuO/TiO2 causes the bulk-to-surface interfacial electron transfer at low coverage and the surface-to-bulk interfacial electron transfer at high coverage. We conclude that the surface CuO clusters enhance the separation of photogenerated charge carriers by the interfacial electron transfer and the subsequent reduction of adsorbed O2 to achieve the compatibility of high levels of visible and UV-light activities

Developing Moodle Plugin for Creating Learning Content with Another REST Function Call

The Moodle REST function calls enables third party applications having access to the Moodle database's through Moodle web services and REST (Representational state transfer) protocols. The access could be as learning content creation. According to Moodle architecture, the learning content creation, need to be placed on Moodle section tables. This is shown, a third party application should make or use the Moodle section when making a course. The 'section' is the most essential component on Moodle. Because, the 'section' contain documents, assignments, quiz for learners. However, some Moodle REST function calls, such as creating the "section" on Moodle courses, have not been implemented in the Moodle system, yet. And for our current development applications, it need to have an access to create complete learning content on section tables. With developing Moodle plugins, possibly create learning content in the Moodle sections, but needed Moodle REST function call to access developed plugin. Therefore, we propose solutions that developed a Moodle plugin to create learning content and solve an unprovided Moodle REST function call by developed another Moodle REST function call. This paper presents our current development to enable creation of learning content from third party application, using the developed Moodle plugin. As a result, with the developed Moodle plugin, success to create learning content on Moodle LMS, and developed another Moodle REST function call