Microstructural evolution in the intercritical heat affected zone of a boron containing modified 9Cr-1Mo steel

Type IV cracking observed in high Cr ferritic steels is attributed to poor creep properties of the intercritical heat affected zone (ICHAZ) of the weld joint which in turn associated with the partial transformation that take place in this zone during the weld thermal cycle and resulting refinement of the microstructure. Recent studies on steels with controlled addition of boron has shown that creep strength of ICHAZ in these steels are comparable to that of the base metal and the microstructure of this zone is significantly different from that of the steels with out boron. Hence in this paper microstructural evolution in the simulated ICHAZ of two different P91 steels, one without boron and another with boron and reduced nitrogen content has been studied. Results indicate that during heating part of the weld thermal cycle, austenite nucleate and grow into two different morphologies, globular and acicular which transform to martensite during cooling. The former is more prevalent along the prior austenite grain boundaries (PAGB) of the base metal while the latter along the lath boundaries of the tempered martensite within the grains. Results also show the transformation to austenite is delayed in the boron containing steels and austenite with both the morphologies are formed. However, growth of the globular austenite, formed along the PAGB is sluggish and hence PAGBs are discernable even after the transformation. This explains the difference in the microstructure of the of ICHAZ of steels with boron and without boron and this could also be the reason for the improved creep resistance of the weld joint of high Cr ferritic steels with controlled addition of boron

Live-bait resources and development

The success of the pole and line fishery of Lakshadweep depends, among other factors, directly on the availability in sufficient quantities of suitable live-bait fishes around the islands. Information on the live-bait resources of Lakshadweep is limited to a few reports from Minicoy- Jones (1958, 1964) described the fishing method, storage and utilisation of bait fish and Iisted the various species of live-bait fishes of Lakshadweep. Jones (1961 a, 1961 b) has predicted the potentialities of Spratelloides delicatulus and S. japonicus as live-bait for pole and line fishery for skipjack much earlier than mechanised fishing was introduced in the northern islands of Lakshadweep. Thomas (1964) made some observations on the fluctuations in the live-bait fishes at Minicoy. Fluctuations in the seasonal availability of live-baits at Minicoy during the years 1981-85 has been presented by Pillai et al. (1986). However, details of exploited bait fish resources and seasonal abundance of different bait species around the various islands is still lacking

Extracellular matrix-modulated expression of human cell surface glycoproteins A42 and J143. Intrinsic and extrinsic signals determine antigenic phenotype.

Extracellular matrix (ECM)' plays an important regulatory role in cellular growth, migration, and differentiation (1-4). Pathologic processes such as tumor cell invasion and metastasis are also determined by cellular interactions with ECM (5, 6). Biochemical studies have identified collagens, fibronectin, laminin, proteoglycans, and several other proteins as major ECM components (1-3), and have shown that ECM composition varies between different normal and tumor tissues. The complexity and heterogeneity of ECM composition have hampered the molecular analysis of ECM-cell interactions . However, a range of phenotypic changes has been described for cultured cells after transfer from plastic surfaces to substrates coated with native ECM (7, 8) or with purified ECM components; ECM-induced phenotypic changes include enhanced substrate adhesiveness, cell spreading and migration, changes in cell morphology and proliferative activity, and expression of differentiated cellular functions (I-4). Some of these effects, e.g., increased substrate adhesion, may result directly from the binding of specialized cell surface structures to ECM molecules. Others are likely mediated by an active cellular response triggered by the interaction of ECM with cell surface receptors. Thus, ECM-derived signals (9) may activate a cascade of molecular changes within the cell and on the cell surface that account for the pleiotropic effects observed with ECM

Differential effects of cholesterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol on ligand binding of solubilized hippocampal serotonin<SUB>1A</SUB> receptors: implications in SLOS

The serotonin1A receptor is an important member of the G-protein coupled receptor family, and is involved in the generation and modulation of a variety of cognitive, behavioral, and developmental functions. Solubilization of the hippocampal serotonin1A receptor by 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS) is accompanied by loss of membrane cholesterol which results in a reduction in specific agonist binding activity. Replenishment of cholesterol to solubilized membranes restores the cholesterol content of the membrane and significantly enhances specific agonist binding activity. In order to test the stringency of the requirement of cholesterol in this process, we solubilized native hippocampal membranes followed by replenishment with 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC). 7-DHC is an immediate biosynthetic precursor of cholesterol differing only in a double bond at the 7th position in its sterol ring. Our results show, for the first time, that replenishment of solubilized hippocampal membranes with 7-DHC does not restore ligand binding activity of the serotonin1A receptor, in spite of recovery of the overall membrane order. This observation shows that the requirement for restoration of ligand binding activity is more stringent than the requirement for the recovery of overall membrane order. These novel results have potential implications in understanding the interaction of membrane sterols with this important neuronal receptor under pathogenic conditions such as the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome

Sunstein, Statutes, and the Common Law – Reconciling Markets, the Communal Impulse, and the Mammoth State

Professor Cass Sunstein\u27s new book, After the Rights Revolution: Reconceiving the Regulatory State, builds upon, and in important ways seeks to integrate, much of Professor Sunstein\u27s work over the past several years. He has been one of our most prolific and influential writers on issues of governmental structure, approaching the subject both from more or less conventional administrative law perspectives and from the constitutional perspectives of separation of powers. His work has dealt with a tension often addressed in the literature, that between the eighteenth-century Madisonian constitutional engine of limited, internally checked government and the realities of our sprawling contemporary structures. A particular contribution of Sunstein\u27s has been to insist on bringing forward the Madisonian visions, on their accommodation, not their abandonment. This contribution entails rather vigorous disagreement with the economics-driven theorists of public choice, on the right, and those of deconstructionism, on the left. Sunstein wants to build a conceptual framework for contemporary government that embraces the Madisonian ideal of government structured to serve genuinely public ends in face of the risk of faction; that vision entails both reaching agreement on appropriate distinctions between public and private ends, and finding effective contemporary expression of such ideas as checks and balances

Resources of ornamental fishes

Among the fishes of Lakshadweep islands, those of ornamental value (aquarium fishes) are very abundant: of the 601 species of marine fishes belonging to 126 families reported from these Islands (Jones and Kumaran, 1980), at least 300 species belonging to over 40 families are ornamental fishes. In addition to the taxonomic account of fishes of Lakshadweep islands by Jones and Kumaran (1980), information on ornamental fishes of these islands is restricted to the works of Pillai er a/. (1983), Madan Mohan efa/ (1986). and Kumaran and Gopakumar (1986). There is, however, no information on the relative abundance or areas of abundance of different species of ornamental fishes from different islands. There is considerable demand for live ornamental fishes in several countries (Tomey 1985, 1986) and the present export market price of each fish, depending on the species, ranges from Rs. 16.10 to Rs. 272.25 with an average of Rs. 90.60 in Netherlands and from Rs. 4.96 to Rs. 148 with an average of Rs. 34.85 in South East Asian Countries. In West Germany, each specimen of some of the species of ornamental fishes from India can fetch from Rs. 99 to Rs. 810 (Anon 1986). In view of the demand for the ornamental fishes and the possible earning of foreign exchange through export of live ornamental fishes and also in view of the lack of adequate information on distribution and abundance of different species in different islands, a survey was conducted during January-March 1987 and the results with reference to ornamental fishes are presented here

Periodic harmonic functions on lattices and points count in positive characteristic

This survey addresses pluri-periodic harmonic functions on lattices with values in a positive characteristic field. We mention, as a motivation, the game "Lights Out" following the work of Sutner, Goldwasser-Klostermeyer-Ware, Barua-Ramakrishnan-Sarkar, Hunzikel-Machiavello-Park e.a.; see also 2 previous author's preprints for a more detailed account. Our approach explores harmonic analysis and algebraic geometry over a positive characteristic field. The Fourier transform allows us to interpret pluri-periods of harmonic functions on lattices as torsion multi-orders of points on the corresponding affine algebraic variety.Comment: These are notes on 13p. based on a talk presented during the meeting "Analysis on Graphs and Fractals", the Cardiff University, 29 May-2 June 2007 (a sattelite meeting of the programme "Analysis on Graphs and its Applications" at the Isaac Newton Institute from 8 January to 29 June 2007

Multicomponent Click Synthesis of β-Hydroxy/Benzyl 1,2,3- Triazoles Catalyzed by Magnetically Recyclable Nano Iron Oxide in Water

Abstract: Iron oxide nanoparticles have been found to effectively catalyze the multicomponent synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles from azide precursors, such as epoxides and organic halides in water. The formation of the product proceeds in one pot through a mechanism that involves in situ generated organic azide intermediate, followed by rapid ring closure of this intermediate with terminal alkynes. In the presence of nano-Fe 2 O 3 , click reaction proceeds in short reaction times and the resulting products are obtained in good yields. Aqueous reaction medium, easy recovery of catalyst, efficient recycling and high stability of the catalyst render the protocol sustainable and economic

Other fin-fish resources

Fishing is a profitable source of livelihood for the people of Lakshadweep where traditional methods of capture are still in vogue to a great extent. The traditional fishing methods and fishery of Lakshadweep consisting of 27 small islands of which only ten are inhabited have been briefly described by Hornell (1910), Ayyangar (1922), Ellis (1924), Mathew and Ramachandran (1956), Jones and Kumaran (1959), Varghese (1974), and Koya et. a/. (1956). The exploited resources have been dealt with by Silas et.al. (1986) and Kumaran and Gopakumar (1986). Even though 603 species of fishes are known from the Lakshadweep (Jones and Kumaran, 1980), only about thirty species contribute to the commercial fishery. Fish landings in some of the islands were not even sufficient for local consumption before 1958. The, efforts made during the past two and half decades to exploit the tuna resources by using pole and line has started paying good dividends. The remarkable increase in the landings of tunas especially skipjack is responsible for the present prosperity of some of the islands like Minicoy, Agatti, Kavaratti and Bitra. Though the islands have only an area of about 32 sq. km. the lagoons, reefs and submerged banks extending over an area of 42,000 sq. km. is endowed with several commercially important fishes. With the limited land area and a high density of population, the possibilities for developing other industries is limited, but the sea offers good scope for the progress of the islands. The vast difference in the estimates of fisheries potential of the Laccadive Sea which is reportedly of the order of 90,000 tones (Jones and Banerji, 1973) and the present annual landings (5,524 tonnes in 1986) indicates that further intensive exploitation is called for in the region

On rationality of the intersection points of a line with a plane quartic

We study the rationality of the intersection points of certain lines and smooth plane quartics C defined over F_q. For q \geq 127, we prove the existence of a line such that the intersection points with C are all rational. Using another approach, we further prove the existence of a tangent line with the same property as soon as the characteristic of F_q is different from 2 and q \geq 66^2+1. Finally, we study the probability of the existence of a rational flex on C and exhibit a curious behavior when the characteristic of F_q is equal to 3.Comment: 17 pages. Theorem 2 now includes the characteristic 2 case; Conjecture 1 from the previous version is proved wron